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Biology > Protection, Support and Movement > Flashcards

Protection, Support and Movement Flashcards

1
Q

Name 2 structures that trees have to strengthen their stems.

A
  1. Heartwood
  2. Lignin
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2
Q

State some factors that affect the protection, support and movement of aquatic animals.

A
  1. They don’t have to protect themselves from dehydration since they live in water.
  2. In the water, the pull of gravity experienced by the organisms is reduced due to the buoyant force in the opposite direction.
  3. Most movement in water requires different structures to aid in movement (e.g fins in fish to swim).
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3
Q

What are some factors that affect protect, support and movement of terrestrial animals?

A
  1. They need to protect themselves from dehydration
  2. They need a stronger support system to cater for the strong gravitational pull that is experienced by the body.
  3. Movement on land requires different structures ( e.g skeletal structure made of bones.)
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4
Q

What are the 2 major types of movements in plants?

A
  1. Tropic movement
  2. Nastic movement
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5
Q

What is nastic movement?

A

Movement due to changes in turgor or changes in growth. These movements are non-directional.

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6
Q

What is meant by nyctinasty and give examples.

A

Is the movement in plant organs in response to the onset of darkness. Example, many leguminous close their leaflets at night, and also ‘vaivai’ or ‘mocemoce’ plants

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7
Q

Define the term ‘Photonasty’

A

Is the movement of plant organs in response to chemical/nutrients. Example, opening and closing of flowers.

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8
Q

What is meant by the term ‘Thigmonasty’

A

Is the movement of plant organs in response to vibration or touch. Example, sensitive grass.

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9
Q

What is Nyctinasty also known as?

A

Sleeping movement.

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10
Q

Name 3 plants that move to capture and consume prey.

A
  1. Venus Fly Trap
  2. Sundew
  3. Waterwheel
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11
Q

Name 3 plants that move its leaves.

A
  1. Sensitive grass
  2. Partridge pea
  3. Yellow neptunia
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12
Q

Name 3 plants that spread seeds or pollen by rapid explosion.

A
  1. Squirting cucumber
  2. Resurrection plant
  3. Water Lily
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13
Q

Why do floating plants have their stomata on the top surface of the leaf?

A

To enable gas exchange within the air.

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14
Q

Why do submerged plants lack waxy cuticle?

A

To aid in efficient gas exchange.

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15
Q

Why do floating plants have thick waxy cuticles?

A

To repel water and keep the stomata clear.

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16
Q

What is a support in plants to acquire adequate sunlight?

A

In order to maximise sunlight received, they grown outwards and upwards.

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17
Q

Which 2 herbaceous plants grow tall?

A

Balabala and banana

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18
Q

What are 3 ways in which herbaceous plants support themselves?

A
  1. Cellulose in plant cell walls- cellulose is a tough carbohydrate that makes the plants cell walls rigid.
  2. Turgor pressure- is the pressure created when fluid is tightly filled in each cell. When plants lose too much water, the cells become flaccid from water loss and wilt.
  3. Cortex tissue- cortex ells are unspecialised cells lying between the epidermis and the vascular tissues.
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19
Q

What cells are the major component in plant stems and roots?

A

Cortex cells and other fibrous tissue cells.

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20
Q

What does cortex cells store?

A

Starch.

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21
Q

What is a adaptation for support in herbaceous plants?

A

Some herbaceous plants grow tall without investing much in its own in it’s own support mechanisms. Example climbers and epiphytes .

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22
Q

What are epiphytes?

A

Plants that root themselves in the tall plants instead of the soil to receive adequate sunlight. The host plants are not negatively affected by the epiphytes.

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23
Q

What are climbers?

A

Are plants that root themselves in the soil but climb upon tall plants and other support structures such as sticks. They invest in structures such as tendrils, spines, or wrap.

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24
Q

Give 3 examples of climbers.

A
  1. bean plants
  2. pumpkin plants
  3. bougainvillea
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25
Q

What structures do woody plants have for support?

A

1.Lignin- a very strong carbohydrate that strengthens cell walls.
2.Heartwood- dead xylem at the centre of the stem which is filled with hardened sap.
3. Root system- is deep and extensive to anchor the the plants in the ground.

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26
Q

Give 2 examples of epiphytes.

A

Ferns and orchids

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27
Q

Give 2 examples of woody plants.

A

Dakua and Mahogany

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28
Q

What features do plants have to protect itself from predation.

A
  • Bad smell
  • Thorns and spines
  • Poisonous
  • Leaves with thick cuticle
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29
Q

State 3 plants which have thorns and spines.

A

-Rose plant
- Lemon tree
- cactus

30
Q

State 3 plants which have poisonous leaves.

A

-Neem leaves
- Mother-in-law tongue
- Lanatana

31
Q

State 3 plants which have hairy leaves and stems.

A

-Tomato leaves and stems
- Eggplant leaves
- Pumpkin leaves

32
Q

State 3 plants with sharp edges.

A

-Coconut leaves
- Coriander family
- Conifers

33
Q

State 3 plants which have a bad smell.

A
  • Western skunk cabbage
  • Dead Horse Arum Lily
  • Corpse flower
34
Q

Which type of skeleton system do cnidarians and annelids have?

A

Hydrostatic skeleton.

35
Q

Describe a hydrostatic skeleton.

A

Is a fluid filled body cavity.

36
Q

Why is hydrostatic skeleton efficient for cnidarians and annelids?

A

Because they are not very large sized and inactive animals.

37
Q

Why don’t cnidarians face dehydration problems?

A

Because they are aquatic meaniing, they are always surrounded by water.

38
Q

How do cnidarians protect themselves from predators and kill their prey?

A

They have poisonous stingers called nematocyst.

39
Q

How do terrestrial annelids protect themselves from both dehydration and predation?

A

They stay underground. Earthworms have rigid hairs (bristles) on their bodies which can grip tightly onto the soil, making it difficult to be pulled out.

40
Q

Why don’t cnidarians need much support structures?

A

Because they are buoyed (upward thrust) by water.

41
Q

How do cnidarians move?

A

For movement, they rely on the muscle contraction and the internal fluid to move.

42
Q

describe how do earthworms move?

A

For movement, they rely on the contraction of the muscles and the internal fluid to create peristaltic movements. It pushes its internal fluid forward by contracting circular muscles in one body region and relaxing the muscles in another. The worm contracts the muscles in a wave down its body, moving itself forward. The bristles on the bottom side helps it to grip onto the soil as it pushes its body forward, region by region.

43
Q

Which animal phylum have exoskeleton.

A

Arthropoda (insects, crabs prawns, spiders)

44
Q

What are 3 advantages of exoskeletons.

A

They provide protection against dehydration, damaging the internal tissues, predation.

45
Q

What are 3 disadvantages of exoskeleton.

A

-They cannot grow, therefore the animal needs to shed the exoskeleton in order to grow, which will lead to them facing the moulting process.
- During the moulting process, the animal is vulnerable to diseases , predation and even dehydration.
-Exoskeletons are very heavy, thus the animals have to spend a lot of energy in carrying it around. There is also size limitation due to its weight.

46
Q

State 3 structures that aid in protection for arthropods.

A

-wings to fly, in most insects.
- Jointed appendages, to escape from predators and catch prey efficiently.
- Fierce mouth parts with poisonous stings (bees and centipedes), venom (spiders), and chelicerae (crab claws).

47
Q

Describe how support and movement is achieved by arthropods.

A

Support is achieved through exoskeletons.
Movement is achieved through jointed appendages (limbs). Some have wings to fly and some aquatic ones have the appendages modified to aid in swimming.

48
Q

What is meant by ‘exoskeleton’?

A

The hard outer covering of an organism.

49
Q

What is meant by ‘endoskeleton’?

A

Are hard skeleton of bones and cartilages which are present inside the body.

50
Q

Name 3 bone structures that are similar in all vertebrates.

A
  • a skull, a rib-cage and a vertebral column.
50
Q

Name 3 bone structures that are similar in all vertebrates.

A
  • a skull, a rib-cage and a vertebral column.
51
Q

State 3 advantages of endoskeleton.

A
  • Can grow as the organisms grows, so no moulting is required.
  • Light yet strong and flexible to allow quick escape from predators or to catch prey.
    -Lighter than the exoskeleton.
52
Q

What is a major disadvantage of endoskeletons?

A

Any fatal damage done to it is permanent as endoskeletons cannot go through the moulting process.

53
Q

What are some structures fish have for protection?

A

-Scales- first line of defence like our skin.
- Some contain poison, sharp teeth, camouflaging ability, stings.
-Operculum- to protect their tender gills.

54
Q

How do fish and shark support itself?

A

-Buoyancy reduces the pull of gravity experienced by the fish.
- Sharks have skeletons composed of cartilages which is light-weight.

55
Q

Describe how fish aid movement.

A

Most fish propel themselves forwards by swishing their caudal fin back and forth. Their dorsal and caudal fins help keep the fish from rolling. The pectoral pelvic and caudal fins steer.

56
Q

Most fish are shaped for speed. Explain why fishes are acquainted with narrow, pointed bodies.

A

To reduce friction with water.

57
Q

Name 3 retiles which are capable of living in both water and on land?

A

Turtles, crocodiles and some snakes.

58
Q

How do amphibians protect themselves against dehydration.

A

They avoid sunlight, live in moist habitats, come out at night and during the day when its usually raining.

58
Q

How do amphibians protect themselves against dehydration.

A

-They have thick scaly skin.
-They avoid sunlight, live in moist habitats, come out at night and during the day when its usually raining.

59
Q

How do amphibians protect themselves against predation.

A

-They have the ability to camouflage. so they blend it with their environment . Some also change their skin colour to match the colour of their current environment.
- Frogs have poison glands. They secrete white toxins near their head region to signal the predators to stay away.

60
Q

What are some defence mechanisms owned by amphibians?

A
  • Hissing sounds (snakes)
  • Spitting venom (Cobra snakes)
  • Sharp teeth (crocodiles and alligators)
  • poisonous bites (some snakes and some lizards )
    -Autotomy, growing back a tail when it loses one (lizards)
61
Q

Give 3 examples of land reptiles and how they aid movement.

A

-crocodiles, iguana and lizards.
They crawl on their limbs.

62
Q

Name an aquatic reptile and how it aids in movement.

A

Turtles, they have flippers to swim.

63
Q

Why are reptiles body design not very efficient for them?

A

Because the weight of the body disables them from standing up or moving quickly.

63
Q

Why are reptiles body design not very efficient for them?

A

Because the weight of the body disables them from standing up or moving quickly.

64
Q

How do Aves protect themselves from predation and dehydration?

A
  • They have the ability to fly from danger but it consumes a lot of energy.
    They also have ‘call-out warnings’ which are special sounds birds use to warn peers about danger around.
  • They have feathers to protect their skin from dehydration and to keep their body warm.
65
Q

What are some adaptations Aves have for flight?

A
  • light-weight skeleton
  • some bones are hollow
  • no teeth
    -They have feather extensions for pushing against the air in flights without adding much weight. These feather extensions are crucial for adjusting speed and direction air.
  • steam-lined body structure
  • some bird keep their reproductive organ tiny and only enlarge it during breeding season.
66
Q

Ways in which mammals protect themselves from dehydration.

A

-They have fur/hair to retain body heat, reduce water evaporation from their skin.

67
Q

Ways in which mammals protect themselves against predation.

A
  • Most mammals fur is coloured to camouflage with the habitat.
  • Others defend themselves with teeth, horns or claws.
  • Mimicry, in which the least dangerous animal copies the features of the species which is more dangerous to the predator.
  • A few mammals have spines or hardened skin.
    -Skunk can spray a burning chemical that stinks horribly.
68
Q

Ways in how mammals aid support and movement?

A

-They have endoskeletons to support their weight.
-Their legs are not protruding sideways as in the case of reptiles and amphibians so they can walk or run very fast.
- Aquatic mammals move by swimming.
- Mammals which can fly have wings. (flying squirrel and bats)

Biology (12 decks)

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