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Reproduction Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

Why is their a need for reproduction?

A

For continuation of species.

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2
Q

What are the two things organisms are designed for?

A

survival and reproduction

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3
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

It involves cell division of a single parent by mitosis to produce genetically offspring.

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4
Q

Why are asexual produced population unlikely to survive severe environmental changes?

A

Because they produce very little genetic variation.

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5
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

It is when 2 haploid gametes produced by meiosis, come together to produce a unique individual.

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6
Q

Why are sexually produced populations more likely to adapt to severe environmental changes?

A

Because sexual reproduction produces genetically varying offspring, some of them are likely to have adaptations to survive such environmental changes.

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7
Q

Explain the haploid and diploid stages of humans.

A

Humans spend their entire lives as a diploid organism and the only stage that is haloid is their gametes(eggs and sperms), which also unite during fertilisation to restore diploidy.

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8
Q

Why are bryophytes restricted to moist habitats?

A

due to lack of vascular bundles and the requirement for water to complete reproduction and also therefore they are very small in size and are low lying.

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9
Q

Why do seedlings with tiny endosperms have a low chance of survival compared to seedlings with larger endosperms?

A

The seedlings with tiny endosperms have a low chance of survival because they need to quickly start producing food for themselves whereas seedlings with larger endosperms have more time to establish roots and leaves before they have the need to support themselves.

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10
Q

What are 3 trends observed in plant evolution?

A
  1. Sexual reproduction rather than asexual.
  2. Diploid stages of life are dominant rather than haploid.
  3. Adaptations for terrestrial reproduction such as non-swimming sperm and protected embryos.
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11
Q

How many chromosomes do sporophytes have and give 3 examples of it.

A

They have 46 chromosomes and its examples are stems, leaves and roots.

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12
Q

How many chromosomes do gametophytes have and give 3 examples of it.

A

They have 23 chromosomes and examples of it are pollen, ovules, sperm and eggs.

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13
Q

Describe how algae reproduce?

A

Many small algae reproduce asexually by dividing itself in half via mitosis to produce new algae plants whereas some algae are capable of both sexual and asexual reproduction

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14
Q

Give three examples of algae?

A
  1. Sea grapes (Nama)
  2. Eucheuma (Lumi)
  3. Nori
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15
Q

What is the male and female gametophyte known as?

A

Male gametophyte is known as antheridia (sperm) whereas the female gametophyte is known as archegonia(eggs).

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16
Q

Which stage is dominant in a bryophyte?

A

The gametophyte, that is, most of its life is spent in haploid stage.

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17
Q

3 examples of bryophytes.

A
  1. mosses
  2. liverworts
  3. hornworts
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18
Q

Why do bryophytes grow close to each other?

A

To reduce water lose.

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19
Q

What do sperms contain, to give them water for reproduction?

A

They contain flagella.

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20
Q

Name the first vascular plant.

A

Ferns.

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21
Q

Name the first terrestrial plant.

A

Bryophytes

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22
Q

How do ferns reproduce?

A

They reproduce through spores as they are seedless.

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23
Q

What makes ferns grow taller than bryophytes?

A

Presence of vascular tissues.

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24
Q

Why are ferns found/grow in shady areas?

A

Because they require water for sperms to swim to the female gametes.

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25
Q

Which stage is dominant in ferns?

A

Sporophyte, meaning they spend most of their life at a diploid state.

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26
Q

3 examples of ferns.

A
  1. black tree fern
  2. Equisetum
  3. lycopodium
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27
Q

3 differences between spores and seeds.

A
  • seeds are larger compared to spores.
  • spores are haploid, seeds are diploid.
  • seeds have more stored food compared to spores.
  • Seeds have seed coat and are well protected from dehydration whereas spores is not much protected from dehydration.
    -Spores are dispersed by mostly wind whereas seeds are dispersed by wind, water, and animals.
  • spores are unicellular and seeds are multicellular.
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28
Q

What is the dominant stage for seed plants?

A

Sporophyte stage.

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29
Q

What are the two major groups of seed plants?

A

Gymnosperms and angiosperms.

30
Q

What are the first seed plants called?

A

gymnosperms.

31
Q

What does it mean when it says that gymnosperms produce ‘naked seeds’?

A

It means they produce seeds which are not enclosed in fruits.

32
Q

Describe how fertilisation in gymnosperm takes place.

A

Small male cones produce haploid pollen pollen grains which then is dispersed by wind. When the pollen grains reach the ovules at the tips of the scales of the female cone, fertilisation occurs. Fertilisation forms diploid seeds.

33
Q

What nourishes gymnosperm seeds?

A

Tissues of the female gametophyte.

34
Q

How do gymnosperm seeds turn into a diploid adult?

A

When the seeds fall onto warm, moist ground then it grows into a diploid adult(sporophyte).

35
Q

3 examples of gymnosperms.

A
  1. conifers (pine)
  2. cycads ( sago)
  3. ginkgo
36
Q

What is the male gametophyte in angiosperm known as, and what is it made up of?

A

Stamen, made up of filament and anther.

37
Q

What produces the male gametes, pollen grains in angiosperms?

A

The anther.

38
Q

What is the female gametophyte called, and what is it made up of?

A

The pistil, made up of style, ovary and stigma.

39
Q

What produces the female gamete ova in angiosperms?

A

The ovary.

40
Q

What happens when the ovule is fertilised by a pollen grain?

A

A diploid seed is formed.

41
Q

Explain the process of double fertilisation.

A

Is when one sperm fertilizes the egg cell, forming a diploid zygote, the other sperm fuses with the two polar nuclei, forming a triploid, which then later forms into an endosperm.

41
Q

Explain the process of double fertilisation.

A

Is when one sperm fertilizes the egg cell, forming a diploid zygote, the other sperm fuses with the two polar nuclei, forming a triploid, which then later forms into an endosperm.

42
Q

Identify all the parts of the seed.

A

The seed coat, plant embryo and a nourishing endosperm.

43
Q

How do angiosperm disperse their seeds?

A

By wind, water and animals.

44
Q

3 examples of angiosperm.

A

Coconut trees, hibiscus plants, breed fruit tress.

45
Q

Explain the life cycle of moss.

A

The haploid reproductive cells divide by mitosis to produce gametes. The male gamete swims to the female gamete, fertilisation occurs and forms a diploid zygote. The diploid zygote grows into a sporophyte. This sporophyte lives on the leafy gametophyte. The cells in the sporophyte divide by meiosis to produce haploid spores. Wind scatters the spores, which will then grow into new haploid moss plants, beginning the cycle again.

46
Q

Explain the life cycle of a fern.

A

Ferns produce haploid spores by meiosis. Wind scatters these spores, and under the right conditions, a spore divides mitotically to form a tiny, heart- shaped like gametophyte. The gametophyte will produce eggs and sperms which will be then fertilised to produce a diploid zygote that will grow into an adult sporophyte fern, beginning the cycle again.

47
Q

Give 4 examples of asexual reproduction.

A

Fragmentation, binary fusion, budding, regeneration.

48
Q

Explain the process fragmentation and give an example.

A

Is the breaking off pieces of organisms bodies which will grow into new individuals. example, sea stars, sponges, flatworms.

49
Q

Explain the process of regeneration and give an example.

A

Is the modified form of fragmentation. It is the natural ability of organisms to replace worn out parts, repair or renew damaged or lost part of their body. example, sea star and flatworm.

50
Q

What is budding?

A

An asexual way of reproduction, where new individuals bud off from the organisms bodies. example, hydra.

51
Q

Explain the process of binary fision.

A

It is the separation of the organisms body into 2 new bodies. The organism duplicates its genetic material and then divides into 2 parts with each new organism receiving one copy of DNA. example, euglena, paramecium, amoeba , tapeworms.

52
Q

Differentiate between external and internal fertilisation.

A

External fertilisation is when the male gametes fuses with the female gametes outside the body. (synchronisation should be there, released at the same time) whereas internal fertilisation is when the male gamete fuses with the female gamete inside the body.

53
Q

Differentiate between external and internal development.

A

External development is when the embryo develops outside the mothers body whereas internal development is when the embryo develops inside the mothers body.

54
Q

What happens in external fertilisation? And give 2 examples of organisms who experience it.

A

The male and female gametes release their gametes in the surrounding water. The sperm swims to the eggs and then fertilizes it outside the females body. They do not have sexual intercourse. example, most fish, all amphibians, and sea worms.

55
Q

State some limitations of external fertilisation and the solution to those problems.

A
  • Eggs and sperms released into the water may not meet therefore the energy invested in producing them would be wasted. The solution to this would be organisms staying close together while releasing their gametes. (synchronisation).
  • Eggs released are soft and vulnerable to predators, they eat most of the offspring either at the egg stage or soon after they are hatched. The solution to this is that numerous eggs are laid to increase the chance of survival of the fewer offspring.
  • This type of fertilisation only occur in water. It isn’t problematic to fish but to amphibians. They have to move from land to the water to carry out fertilisation.
56
Q

Explain fully, internal fertilisation and give examples of organisms that carry out this type of fertilisation.

A

The fertilisation occurs inside the body. The male deposits its sperm into the females body, this involves sexual intercourse. Thee sperm swims to the egg inside the females body. Water is not required for this type of fertilisation and therefore can be carried out on land.
Since fertilisation is internal, fewer gametes are produced to prevent wasting energy in producing those gametes.
Example, mammals, insects, reptiles, birds.

57
Q

What is the purpose of the yolk in a chicken egg?

A

Its purpose is to provide food and nutrients for the embryo, in case it gets fertilised.

58
Q

Explain the texture of the eggs of terrestrial, aquatic and reptile animals.

A

Terrestrial animals which lay eggs have hard shells to protect the embryo from dehydration.
Eggs laid by aquatic animals are soft and have a jelly-like coating, as dehydration is not a problem for these eggs.
And eggs laid by reptiles are not hard but are flexible. But they are still leathery and tough to beat dehydration.

59
Q

What is the disadvantage of external development?

A

Embryo is extremely vulnerable to predators.

60
Q

Which animal have true internal development?

A

Mammals are the only ones with true internal development where the developing embryo is nourished via mothers blood.

61
Q

Few species of reptiles and fish keep their eggs inside their bodies until the eggs hatch. How do these embryos get its nutrients? Give 2 examples of species as such.

A

The developing embryo is nourished by the egg yolks and not the nutrients from the mothers bloodstream.
Example, shark and rays.

61
Q

Few species of reptiles and fish keep their eggs inside their bodies until the eggs hatch. How do these embryos get its nutrients? Give 2 examples of species as such.

A

The developing embryo is nourished by the egg yolks and not the nutrients from the mothers bloodstream.
Example, shark and rays.

62
Q

How does double fertilisation contribute to reproductive success in plants?

A

Double fertilisation in angiosperm leads to the formation of endosperm which then provides nourishment for the developing embryo.

63
Q

How does seed dormancy contribute to the reproductive success in plants?

A

It is a mechanism to prevent germination during unsuitable ecological conditions, when the probability of seedling survival is low.
Seeds delayed germination allows time for dispersal and prevents all seeds from getting germinated at the same time. (reduces competition and increase viability)

64
Q

How do dispersal methods contribute to reproductive sucess?

A

Is the transport of seeds away from the parent plant via wind, water or animals.
There is higher chances of seed survival and less competition with adult plants when seeds are transported away from parent plant.
Plants reach specific habitats that are favourable for survival.
Plants avoid adverse environmental effects such as drought or fires.
Plants colonize vacant habitats and even new geographical region.

65
Q

How does parental care contribute to reproductive success in animals?

A

Parental care is the investment a parent will put into their offspring, which includes protecting, feeding the young, preparing burrows or nests and providing eggs with yolk. Having fewer offspring allowed the parents to invest in parental care which encouraged the survival and possible reproductive success of the offspring .

66
Q

Describe how courtship behaviour contributes to reproductive success? Give an example.

A

Courtship behaviour is by which animals select their partner for reproduction. Mostly, males initiate the courtship, and the female either mate or reject , based on his “performance”. Displays are performed by animals seeking to advertise their willingness to mate, attract a partner or warn off rivals.
Example, the display of a male peacock tail, and elaborate dancing.

67
Q

How does pair bonding contribute to reproductive success? Give 2 examples.

A

Is the formation of a close relationship through courtship and sexual intercourse leading to the production of offspring’s or a life long bond.
Example, social and sexual pairing is observed in some human relationships, animals such as swans, wolves and penguins also form strong pair bonds.

68
Q

Explain how territorial behaviour contributes to reproductive success? Provide an example.

A

Is when animals actively defend their territory for food, shelter or mates. It ensures availability of mates and also display of such behaviour by males help attract females, as females are usually attracted to strong, dominant and powerful males.
Example, when dogs urinate in their surrounding, they are sending signals to other dogs that it is their territory.

biology (12 decks)

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