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Micro FINAL EXAM > Transplant Immunology - Bailey > Flashcards

Transplant Immunology - Bailey Flashcards

1
Q

In regards to transplants, what is the primary reason for morbidity and mortality?

A

Immune response

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2
Q

________ means transplanting cell or tissue to the same anatomical site.

A

Orthotopic

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3
Q

_______ means transplanting cell or tissue to a different anatomical site.

A

Heterotopic

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4
Q

______ means transfer of circulating cells.

A

transfusion

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5
Q

_____ is graft transplanted from one individual to the same individual.

A

Autologous graft

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6
Q

______ is graft transplanted between two genetically identical (or very similar) individuals.

A

Syngeneic graft

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7
Q

______ is graft transplanted between two genetically identical (or very similar) individuals.

A

Syngeneic graft (Twins or siblings)

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8
Q

_______ is graft between two genetically diverse individuals.

A

Allogeneic graft

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9
Q

Rejection of Graft is due to ________ mismatch.

A

MHC mismatch

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10
Q

How are T cells activated?

A

T cells recognize antigen that is presented to them in the context of MHC.

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11
Q

______ require antigen + MHC2 to be activated.

A

CD4+

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12
Q

______ require antigen + MHC1 to be activated.

A

CD8+

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13
Q

If a T cell has high avidity binding to self peptide and MHC, what happens?

A

Apoptosis of the T cell.

* this is how the body prevents the full development of auto reactive T cells.

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14
Q

Can Alloreactive T cells recognize Allogeneic MHC + Self Peptide?

A

Some can.

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15
Q

______ T cells will kill the target.

A

CD8+

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16
Q

____ T cells will produce cytokines to help propagate the immune response.

A

CD4+

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17
Q

What is direct Alloantigen recognition?

A

When T cells recognize allogeneic MHC directly

18
Q

What is indirect Alloantigen recognition?

A

When APC is used to present antigen to T cell.

19
Q

What are the 3 ways Allogeneic T cells lead to Graft Rejection?

A
  1. Hyperacute rejection
  2. Acute Rejection
  3. Chronic Rejection
20
Q

What is Hyper acute Rejection?

A

Characterized by thrombosis (Blood clot) formation that begins within minutes to hours and graft dies.
*Antibodies lead to activation of complement cascade.

21
Q

What is Acute Reaction?

A

Alloreactive T cells become activated (after about a week) produce cytokines to:

  1. Activate CD8+ T cells
  2. Activate B cells to produce antibodies
  3. Inflammation damages blood endothelial cells.
  4. Inflammation leads to thrombosis (clot) formation.
  5. Parenchymal cells can also be affected by CD8+ cells.
22
Q

What is Chronic Rejection?

A

Grafts that survive for 6 months or more can eventually develop blood vessel thickening due to intimal smooth muscle formation.
*Growth factors induce intimal thickening

23
Q

What ultimately leads to the death of a graft?

A

Loss of vascularization

24
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Rapamycin?

A

Blocks lymphocyte proliferation by inhibiting IL-2 signaling.

25
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody?

A

depletes T cells by binding to CD3 and promoting phagocytosis or complement mediated lysis.

26
Q

What is the Mechanism of action for Anti-IL-2 receptor?

A

Inhibits T cell proliferation by blocking IL-2 binding and depletes activated T cells that express CD25

27
Q

What is the Mechanism of action for CTLA-4lg?

A

Inhibits T cell activation by blocking B7 costimulator binding to T cell.

28
Q

_________ Is a treatment for hematological disease.

A

Bone marrow transplant.

29
Q

What is one of the additional risks to bone marrow transplant?

A

Graft can attack the host. (Graft Versus Host disease)

30
Q

_____ can produce IFN-gamma.

A

Natural killer cells

31
Q

Some cancers can down regulate the expression of ________. Why is this important?

A

MHC1

*Important because NK cells become activated in the absence of MHC1 and will then kill infected cells.

32
Q

_____ can produce IFN-gamma (cytokine). Why is this important?

A

Natural killer cells

* Important b/c helps to activate macrophages that can engulf tumor cells.

33
Q

Function of tumor macrophages depends upon ___________.

A

The Microenvironment

34
Q

______ macrophages can suppress tumors/kill tumor cells.

A

M1

35
Q

______ macrophages can enhance tumors.

A

M2

36
Q

____ can induce apoptosis in cancer cells.

A

T cells

37
Q

Antigen specific T cells are activated where?

A

In the lymph nodes

38
Q

______ induces apoptosis in target cell.

A

Granzyme

39
Q

_____ helps granzyme enter the target cell.

A

Perforin

40
Q

______ may be necessary for CTL activation.

A

Cross-priming

41
Q

What is the 2 important roles of Cd4+ cells?

A
  1. Help to activate CD8+ cells

2. Produce Th1 cytokines to lead classical (M1) macrophage activation

42
Q

Can immune system activity lead to the development of cancer? Explain.

A

Yes,

  1. Cytokines can lead to hyperplasia (Increased cell proliferation)
  2. Hyperplaisia can lead to dysplaisa (abnormal cell development)
  3. Free radicals damage nucleic acids.
    * People with chronic inflammation diseases are at increased risk of developing cancer.

Micro FINAL EXAM (14 decks)

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