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biology - unit 2 > Transpiration > Flashcards

Transpiration Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function of the upper epidermis?

A

It’s a waxy waterproof layer that reduces water loss

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2
Q

What is the function of each mesophyll layer?

A

Palisade mesophyll - absorbs light for photosynthesising contains many chloroplasts

Spongy mesophyll - has air spaces which allow gases to reach leaf cells for photosynthesis

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3
Q

What is the function of the lower epidermis?

A

Contains pores called stomata which allows gases to diffuse in and out of the leaf

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4
Q

What is the function of the stomata?

A

Allows water vapour to leave and is the site of gas exchange

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5
Q

What is the function of the guard cells?

A

Controls the opening and the closing of the stomata

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6
Q

What to water and minerals enter the plant through?

A

Specialised cells called root hair cells

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7
Q

What process does water move by?

A

Osmosis

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8
Q

Explain how water and minerals are transported in plants

A

The water moves via osmosis from the soil into the root hair cells. The water and minerals are then transported from the roots to other parts of the plant.

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9
Q

What vessels are water and minerals transported?

A

Xylem vessels

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10
Q

Do xylem cells have cell contents?

A

No

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11
Q

What tough, waterproof substance is xylem vessels lined with?

A

Lignin

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12
Q

What does lignin enable the xylem cells to do?

A

Withstand the pressure changes as water moves through the plant

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13
Q

How is lignin arranged and what does it provide to the cells?

A

Lignin is arranged as rings/spirals and provided support to the cells

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14
Q

When xylem cells are laid end to end, what do they form?

A

A rigid pipe

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15
Q

What is produced in the leaves during photosynthesis?

A

Sugar

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16
Q

The sugar is then transported up and down the plant in what?

A

Living phloem cells

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17
Q

What 2 thing do phloem cells have?

A

Sleve plates and associated companion cells

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18
Q

What do companion cells provide for sleve cells?

A

Energy

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19
Q

What do sleve played have and what can be transported?

A

They have pores which sugar can be transported

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20
Q

Define transpiration

A

The process of water moving through a plant and its evaporation through the stomata

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21
Q

Explain the 3 stages of transpiration

A
  1. Water enters into plant through root hair cells by the process of osmosis.
  2. Xylem vessels transport water into the leaves.
  3. Water evaporates from the leaf through stomata.
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22
Q

What internal factor affects the rate of transpiration?

A

The surface area

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23
Q

Smaller leaves contain less what causing a decrease in the rate of transpiration?

A

Less stomata

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24
Q

List 3 external factors that can also affect the rate of transpiration

A
  1. Increase in temperature
  2. Increase in wind speed
  3. decrease in humidity
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25
Q

What term is used to describe guard cells when the plant has plenty of water and why is this?

A

Turgid so that water can leave the plant

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26
Q

What term is used to describe guard cells when plants lack water and why?

A

Plasmolyses to prevent further water loss

27
Q

What is blood?

A

The liquid that circulated throughout the body

28
Q

What does blood transport?

A

Carbon dioxide, oxygen and nutrients

29
Q

If blood is bright red in colour, what is it described as?

A

Oxygenated

30
Q

If blood is dark red in colour, what is it described as?

A

Deoxygenated

31
Q

In mammals, what are the 3 contents of blood?

A

Plasma, red blood cells and white blood cells

32
Q

Name and deceive 3 features of a red blood cell that enables it to efficiently carry out its function

A
  1. Biconcave shape - maximises the surface area of the cell membrane for oxygen to diffuse across.
  2. No nucleus - creates more space inside the cell to carry more oxygen.
  3. Contain haemoglobin - a protein that binds to oxygen and efficiently transport it in the form of oxyhaemoglobin.
33
Q

Where does haemoglobin bind with oxygen when oxygen concentration is high?

A

The lungs and forms oxyhaemoglobin

34
Q

Where in the body does haemoglobin release oxygen if oxygen concentration is low?

A

Body tissues and therefore the oxygen diffuses into the cells.

35
Q

What system are white blood cells part of?

A

Immune system

36
Q

What are white blood cells involved in?

A

Destroying pathogens

37
Q

What are pathogens? Give the 3 types

A

Disease causing micro organisms

  1. Bacteria
  2. Fungi
  3. Viruses
38
Q

What are the 2 main types of white blood cells involved?

A

Phagocytes and lymphocytes

39
Q

What is the function of phagocytes?

A

To destroy pathogen via the process of phagocytosis

40
Q

Explain the 3 stages of phagocytes destroying pathogens

A
  1. Phagocyte encounters pathogen.
  2. Phagocyte engulfs pathogen.
  3. Phagocyte releases enzymes to digest and destroy pathogen.
41
Q

What is the function of lymphocytes?

A

To produce antibodies which destroy pathogens

42
Q

What term is used to describe the relationship between the antibody and pathogen?

A

Each antibody is specific to a particular pathogen.

43
Q

Blood travels through the circulatory system through tubes called what?

A

Blood vessels

44
Q

What are the 3 main types of blood vessels in the circulatory system?

A

Arteries, veins and capillaries

45
Q

What is the function of the arteries?

A

To carry blood away from the heart

46
Q

Give 3 factors of arteries.

A
  1. They have thick muscular walls
  2. A narrow central channel
  3. Blood is carried under high pressure
47
Q

What is the function of the veins?

A

To carry blood towards the heart

48
Q

Give 3 factors of veins

A
  1. They have thin walls and a wide central channel.
  2. They carry blood under low pressure.
  3. They contain valves to prevent the back flow of blood
49
Q

What is the function of the capillaries?

A

They are exchange vessels found between arteries and veins

50
Q

What allows capillaries to easily allow materials to diffuse across them?

A

They’re walls are only one cell thick

51
Q

The large number of capillaries gives them a large surface area to form what?

A

Networks at tissues and organs

52
Q

What diffuses from the capillaries into the cells?

A

Oxygen and glucose

53
Q

What diffuses from the cells into the capillaries?

A

Carbon dioxide and urea

54
Q

The heart is a minor organ of what system?

A

Circulatory system

55
Q

What is the function of the heart?

A

To pump blood around the body

56
Q

Where is the heart found and what is it protected by?

A

Found in the chest and is protected by the rib cage

57
Q

What is the heart made of?

A

Cardiac muscle

58
Q

What type of blood does the left side of the heart pump and where does it pump it to?

A

Oxygenated blood to the body cells

59
Q

What type of blood does the right side of the heart pump and where does it pump it to?

A

Deoxygenated blood to the lungs

60
Q

Name the 8 chambers and blood vessels found in the heart

A
  1. Right atrium
  2. Right ventricle
  3. Vena cava
  4. Pulmonary artery
  5. Aorta
  6. Pulmonary vein
  7. Left atrium
  8. Left ventricle
61
Q

What is the function of the valves?

A

To prevent the back flow of blood

62
Q

State the 2 types of valves and where they are found

A

Semi lunar valves- found at the exit to the pulmonary artery and aorta.

AV valves - found between the atria and the ventricles.

63
Q

Explain the pathway of blood

A
  1. Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium via the main vein, the vena cava.
  2. The right atrium contracts, pumping deoxygenated blood into the right ventricle.
  3. Contraction of the ventricle moves deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary artery. The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs where it takes up oxygen.
  4. The pulmonary vein returns oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.
  5. the oxygenated blood is then pumped into the left ventricle.
  6. Contraction of the left ventricle forces oxygenated blood into the main artery, the aorta.

The aorta takes oxygenated blood to all parts of the body for tissues and organs to use.

biology - unit 2 (5 decks)

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