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AWP > Transnational Political Violence > Flashcards

Transnational Political Violence Flashcards

1
Q

How do you define terrorism?

A
  • no consensus
  • gov definition: non-state actors
  • Wardlaw definition: non-state and state actors
  • ICJ definition: label without definition
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2
Q

What are the 4 waves of terrorism

A
  1. 1880s Anarchism
  2. 1920s-60s Decolonization movements
  3. 1960s-70s Radical Left
  4. 1980s-now Islamic Inspired Movements
    =political violence isnt new
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3
Q

What was the first wave of terrorism

A

1880s: Anarchism
- Anarchist movements in Russia and Europe (violence to achieve political goals)
- Assasination of Tsar Alexander II
- Galleanists Bombings (anarchist groups opposing US gov.)

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4
Q

What was the 2nd wave of terrorism

A

1920s-1960s: Decoloinization movements

  • overthrow of colonial rulers
  • Israel and Palestine (right for every jew to enter Palestine -> violence)
  • Algeria (FLN)
  • Vietnam war (Viet Cong)
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5
Q

What was the 3rd wave of terrorism

A

1960s-1970s: Radical left

  • class struggle and support for decolonization (Marxism)
  • Rote Armee Fraktion/Boader-Meinhof Group
  • Brigate Rosse (Italy)
  • Weather Underground (US)
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6
Q

What was the 4th wave of terrorism

A

1980s-now: Islamic Inspired Movements

  • first wave: 1980s Afghan soldiers (Afghan invaded by SU)
  • second wave: Al Qaeda (shift of enemy from SU and authoritarian middle east to USA)
  • third wave: London, Madrid, Paris… (franchises, inspired, destructured acts)
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7
Q

What are the policy theories of terrorism?

A
  1. Bush interpretation
  2. New Terrorism (Laqueur)
  3. Radicalisation & stages model
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8
Q

What was the bush interpretation of theory of terrorism

A

“they [terrorists] hate our freedom” (Bush)
justification for use of methods against West
rational and political objective, cannegotiate

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9
Q

What is the ‘New Terrorism’ theory?

A
  • (Laqueur)
  • not rational, deep hate
  • only solution = total annihilation
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10
Q

What is the radicalisation and stages model?

A
  • from static to dynamic definition:
  • shock of homegrown terrorism
  • allows talking about root causes of terror without justifying it
  • initiated huge literature but was debunked
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11
Q

What do policy theories leave out about terrorism?

A
  1. violence is political
  2. violence is relational (interaction with authorities and competing organizations, Bloody Sunday escalation)
  3. framing is key
  4. violence develops in action + a logic of its own
    =terrorism as a social movement
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12
Q

What are characteristics of clandestine political violence (terrorism)?

A
  • ≠ armed resistance (military) (targets non-combattants)
  • ≠ to civil wars or revolution (media attention)
  • secrecy of the actors
  • better definition for terrorism
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13
Q

What are 3 cases of transnational violence?

A
  1. Brigatte Rosse (Italy)
  2. Kosovo Liberation Army
  3. Al Qaeda
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14
Q

What were the characteristics of the Brigatte Rosse?

A

Global frame, national struggle

  1. global framing: marxism, anti-colonialism
  2. repertoires:
    • Foco theory: use of violence to make state overreact -> gain support
    • targetted attacks
    • hostage taking
  3. national mobilizing structures: communist movement and student movement
  4. national political opportunity structure:
    - blockage and escalation:
    • “the historical compromise”
    • strategy of tension
    • emulation of 1976
    • isolation from the movement
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15
Q

What were the characteristics of the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA)?

A

National frame, transnational struggle

  1. national framing: pan-albanian ethnic nationalism
  2. repertoires:
    • insurgency warfare
    • foco theory
    • organized crime financing
  3. national and transnational mobilizing structures: ethnic solidarity and diasporic solidarity
  4. national and international political opportunity structures:
    - blockage and escalation:
    • end of cold war
    • breakdown of yugoslavia
    • serbian nationalism
    • yugoslav army vs KLA
    • Kosovo Democratic League vs KLA
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16
Q

What were the characteristics of Al Qaeda?

A

Global frame, transnational struggle

  1. global framing: transnational caliphate (ruler) & near and far enemy
  2. repertoires:
    • insurgency warfare
    • bombings
    • targetted killings
  3. transnational mobilizing structures:
    • recruitment of foreign fighters
    • religious and political solidarity
    • transnational financing
  4. transnational opportunity structures:
    • gulf war
    • international vs local jihad
    • competition with Islamic State (ISIS)
17
Q

What work did Fiona Adamson publish?

A

Globalisation, Transnational Political Mobilization and Networks of Violence

18
Q

What were Adamson’s objectives of her work?

A
  • examine non-state political entrepreneurs under changing globalization
  • examine how effects of globalization are challenging traditional notions of national security
19
Q

What are Adamson’s main arguments

A
  • globalisation: transforming the international security environment
  • by stimulating shifts in resources, infrastructure and capacities available to non-state political entrepreneurs
  • to engage in political mobilisation transnationally
20
Q

Political vs. Religious Organizations according to Adamson

A
  • militant Islamist groups (e.g. Bin Laden & Al Qaeda) employing political violence = political groups (vs. cultural)
  • tactics used same = strategic (vs. arbitrary)
  • same subset of transnational networks willing to employ violence to achieve goals
  • BUT GRIEVANCES CAN DISTINGUISH BETWEEN THE TWO
21
Q

According to Adamson, what effect does globalisation have on transnational political mobilization

A
  1. migrant communities = connected that can be activated by political entrepreneurs
  2. more opportunities for economic resources via informal networks
  3. more mobility of people and capital accompanied by mobility of ideas, info and identities
    - push and pull factors
22
Q

According to Adamson, how are non-violent and violent tactics related

A

intermingled as part of large grand strategy`

“exist on a continuum”

23
Q

According to Adamson, how has international security been affected by transnational political mobilization?

A
  • blurring of internal and external security
  • blurring of internal and external security institutions
  • weak states = security threats
  • domesticisation of the global security environment

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