Transnational Organised Crime

Question 1

define TOC

Answer 1

• illegal criminal transborder crime (organised) functions much like normal economy

Question 2

make sure to check POLS 205

Answer 2

Make sure to check POLS 205

Question 3

when was the United Nations convention against transnational crime?

Answer 3

• Palmero (Italy) 2009

Question 4

the Palmero conference defined acts as transnational when….

Answer 4

• They act in more than one state
• committed in one state but a substantial part of its preparation, planning, direction or control takes place in another state
• committed in one state but has substantial effects in another state
  (e. g. drug trade planned in other nations seen in European consumption)

Question 5

it presents what kind of threats to fragile states compared to more secure ones?

Answer 5

• direct threats to fragile states compared to more indirect threats to more secure states

Question 6

what have been international responses to toc?

Answer 6

• Interpol

- G8 Roma-Lyon group

Question 7

what have been regional responses to toc?

Answer 7

• SECI
• Europol

(as well as intellegence exchange) UK national crime agency, Germany BKA Abeilung

Question 8

How much money is laundered worldwide?

Answer 8

• $500 billion, 2% of GDP (Paul Evis)

Question 9

why is cybercrime a big problem?

Answer 9

• Lack of knowlege , can destabilise the economy and get into government files / national security systems, airline info systems etc

Question 10

What did Robin Cook (former foreign secretary) say about hacking?

Answer 10

• “hacking could cripple Britain faster than a military strike now computers are managing most of the country’s national infrastructure”

Question 11

how much did the US government infrastructure protection centre estimate in July 2000?

Answer 11

• Computer viruses and hacking had taken a toll of $1.6 trillion on the global economy

Question 12

what percentage of illegal arms are from abroad in the UK?

Answer 12

• 90%

Question 13

What did willets say about cirmincal financial flows and the persistence of drugs and arms?

Answer 13

• they undermine the integrity of banking and other financial systems
• you can’t claim a nation is free from drugs or arms, you might only just move the problem

Question 14

what did Giraldo and Trinkunas say about traditional theories and the illicit economy? What did they say about gobalisation?

Answer 14

• traditional theories are not good at explaining the illicit economy (and it relates to a direct individual threat)
• Globalisation helps illicit economy thrive

Question 15

exemplify Giraldo and Trinkunas argument that globalisation helps the illcit economy thrive:

Answer 15

• 1997 money laundering made up 2.5% GDP in 2007 it made up 10% GDP

Question 16

Michael freeman quote on smuggling

Answer 16

• Terrorists smuggle anything, including drugs, diamonds, cigarettes people and even animals

Question 17

what was your 205 intro

Answer 17

• Jean Luc Ves of world economic forum illicit economy threat to all modern security aspects (government to indi)
• operates like a normal economy while the genuine system fluctuates (if anything it benefits from this corruption and instability)

Question 18

in 2015 alone it was feared that the potential total from counterfeiting could reach what number (Jean Luc ves)

Answer 18

• total could reach $1.77 trillion (world economic forum)

Question 19

who wrote about the dark side of globalisation?

Answer 19

• Thatcher and Heine

Question 20

in the 90s drugs were thought to make up what percentage of world trade

Answer 20

• thought to make up 10% of world trade which was the same as steel and textiles

Question 21

how many people are trafficked a year?

Answer 21

• 4 million people trafficked a year, 1-2 million children generating 7-34 billion dollars

Question 22

how many people are trafficked at one time?

Answer 22

• 2.4 million, 80% for sex, 17% for labour

Question 23

when were HSBC charged $1.92 billion for money laundering?

Answer 23

• 2012

Question 24

who referred to the weaponisation of finance as a security strategy?

Answer 24

• Ian Bremner
• 700 staff on it at any one time
• London 2012
• Boston 2013

Question 25

what did Carl Levin, former US senator say about security?

Answer 25

• ‘stopping illicit money flows is a national security imperative’

Question 26

What is the estimated worth of ISIS?

Answer 26

• Estimated worth is $2.38 billion

Question 27

what percentage of drugs in Europe are linked to the PKK?

Answer 27

80% in 90s

Question 28

what do the PKK get for people smuggling?

Answer 28

• 6000 to 9000 Euros, one operation linked 9000 people back to them