Transnational Organised Crime Flashcards
define TOC
- illegal criminal transborder crime (organised) functions much like normal economy
make sure to check POLS 205
Make sure to check POLS 205
when was the United Nations convention against transnational crime?
- Palmero (Italy) 2009
the Palmero conference defined acts as transnational when….
- They act in more than one state
- committed in one state but a substantial part of its preparation, planning, direction or control takes place in another state
- committed in one state but has substantial effects in another state
(e. g. drug trade planned in other nations seen in European consumption)
it presents what kind of threats to fragile states compared to more secure ones?
- direct threats to fragile states compared to more indirect threats to more secure states
what have been international responses to toc?
- Interpol
- G8 Roma-Lyon group
what have been regional responses to toc?
- SECI
- Europol
(as well as intellegence exchange) UK national crime agency, Germany BKA Abeilung
How much money is laundered worldwide?
- $500 billion, 2% of GDP (Paul Evis)
why is cybercrime a big problem?
- Lack of knowlege , can destabilise the economy and get into government files / national security systems, airline info systems etc
What did Robin Cook (former foreign secretary) say about hacking?
- “hacking could cripple Britain faster than a military strike now computers are managing most of the country’s national infrastructure”
how much did the US government infrastructure protection centre estimate in July 2000?
- Computer viruses and hacking had taken a toll of $1.6 trillion on the global economy
what percentage of illegal arms are from abroad in the UK?
- 90%
What did willets say about cirmincal financial flows and the persistence of drugs and arms?
- they undermine the integrity of banking and other financial systems
- you can’t claim a nation is free from drugs or arms, you might only just move the problem
what did Giraldo and Trinkunas say about traditional theories and the illicit economy? What did they say about gobalisation?
- traditional theories are not good at explaining the illicit economy (and it relates to a direct individual threat)
- Globalisation helps illicit economy thrive
exemplify Giraldo and Trinkunas argument that globalisation helps the illcit economy thrive:
- 1997 money laundering made up 2.5% GDP in 2007 it made up 10% GDP
Michael freeman quote on smuggling
- Terrorists smuggle anything, including drugs, diamonds, cigarettes people and even animals
what was your 205 intro
- Jean Luc Ves of world economic forum illicit economy threat to all modern security aspects (government to indi)
- operates like a normal economy while the genuine system fluctuates (if anything it benefits from this corruption and instability)
in 2015 alone it was feared that the potential total from counterfeiting could reach what number (Jean Luc ves)
- total could reach $1.77 trillion (world economic forum)
who wrote about the dark side of globalisation?
- Thatcher and Heine
in the 90s drugs were thought to make up what percentage of world trade
- thought to make up 10% of world trade which was the same as steel and textiles
how many people are trafficked a year?
- 4 million people trafficked a year, 1-2 million children generating 7-34 billion dollars
how many people are trafficked at one time?
- 2.4 million, 80% for sex, 17% for labour
when were HSBC charged $1.92 billion for money laundering?
- 2012
who referred to the weaponisation of finance as a security strategy?
- Ian Bremner
- 700 staff on it at any one time
- London 2012
- Boston 2013
what did Carl Levin, former US senator say about security?
- ‘stopping illicit money flows is a national security imperative’
What is the estimated worth of ISIS?
- Estimated worth is $2.38 billion
what percentage of drugs in Europe are linked to the PKK?
80% in 90s
what do the PKK get for people smuggling?
- 6000 to 9000 Euros, one operation linked 9000 people back to them
