How states manage international security: prevention, pre-emption, containment Flashcards
how does Baldwin define security?
- ‘a low probability of damage to acquired values’
- (adaptation of Wolfers “absence of threats to acquired values”)
State traditionally been defined as main guarantor and provider of security (Hobbes, Locke, Rosseau). How can a state do that when you are considering values (as a central part of the state)
- most likely has to interact in international institutions
how does max weber define the state?
- “a state is a human community that successfully claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of force within a given territory”
what are internal factors of national security?
- insurgency, crime, economy, environment, public heatlh
what are the external dimensions of security?
- war , trade , energy
what are systemic values?
- genocide convention 1948
- R2p
what are national values?
- democracy
- prosperity
- peace
describe R2P
- sovereignty is not a right (UNSC has ultimate right to intervene)
- norm not a law
- State carries primary responsibility for population protection (from genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity and ethnic cleansing and their incitement)
- International community responsibility to to assist in preventing these atrocities
internal and external security management requires what?
- requires collective effort
describe cooperative instruments to manage state security
- humanitarian assistance
- negotiation / mediation (e.g. ongoing Syria and government opposition peace talks early 2016)
- peacekeeping operations e.g. post war state building
- military and economic technical assitance
how much does the USA spent on cooperate security aid ?
- 23 billion dollars on aid and development in 2013
- 14 billion dollars on military assistance in 2013
whats the latest with UN and Syria
- few failed rounds of peace talks in Geneva
- want a syrian led peace process
describe coercive instruments of security management
- embargos and sanctions (e.g. Cuba 1960 until now)
- Judicial enforcement measures like USA v Iran 1980 over Tehran hostage crisis (froze assets)
- military force like NATO in Serbia
(article 94 states that members must comply with decision of the international court of justice involving them)
what is conditionality? (with example)
- both coercive and cooperative diplomacy
- coercive diplomacy, compliance under specific demands
- cooperative diplomacy offers concrete rewards in membership and aid etc
- e.g. Turkey take migrants in order to gain EU membership eventually
what did Carsten Stahn write?
- R2P, political rhetoric or emerging legal norm
when did UN take up R2P (it appeared in 2001 report) ?
- 2004, after successive humanitarian disasters in Somalia, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Rwanda, Kosovo and Sudan
How did the UN high level panel define R2P?
- emerging norm of a collective international responsibility to protect
what is the controversy surrounding R2P?
- is it legally binding or not
what are the four documents associated with the genesis of R2P?
- report of the commission on state sovereignty and intervention
- High level panel report
- Report of the secretary general
- Outcome document of 2005 world summit
what was the outcome of the 2005 world summit for R2P ?
John R. Bolton
- US ambassador John R. Bolton said the USA would not accept either the UN or security council or individual states having obligation to intervene under international law
- he suggested it be defined as a moral responsibility and that peaceful means be used (Russia, Cuba and Iran opposed this)
what did the secretary generals report from the UN in 2009 say about R2P?
- The State carries the primary responsibility for protecting populations from genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity and ethnic cleansing, and their incitement;
- The international community has a responsibility to encourage and assist States in fulfilling this responsibility;
- The international community has a responsibility to use appropriate diplomatic, humanitarian and other means to protect populations from these crimes. If a State is manifestly failing to protect its populations, the international community must be prepared to take collective action to protect populations, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations.
What did the high level panel report say about R2P?
The panel proposed basic criteria that would legitimize the authorization of the use of force by the UN Security Council, including the seriousness of the threat, the fact that it must be a last resort, and the proportionality of the response.
‘old wine new bottles?’
- Hugo Grotius wrote it would be just to resort to war to prevent state maltreating own subjects
