How states manage international security: prevention, pre-emption, containment

Question 1

how does Baldwin define security?

Answer 1

• ‘a low probability of damage to acquired values’

- (adaptation of Wolfers “absence of threats to acquired values”)

Question 2

State traditionally been defined as main guarantor and provider of security (Hobbes, Locke, Rosseau). How can a state do that when you are considering values (as a central part of the state)

Answer 2

• most likely has to interact in international institutions

Question 3

how does max weber define the state?

Answer 3

• “a state is a human community that successfully claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of force within a given territory”

Question 4

what are internal factors of national security?

Answer 4

• insurgency, crime, economy, environment, public heatlh

Question 5

what are the external dimensions of security?

Answer 5

• war , trade , energy

Question 6

what are systemic values?

Answer 6

• genocide convention 1948

- R2p

Question 7

what are national values?

Answer 7

• democracy
• prosperity
• peace

Question 8

describe R2P

Answer 8

• sovereignty is not a right (UNSC has ultimate right to intervene)
• norm not a law
• State carries primary responsibility for population protection (from genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity and ethnic cleansing and their incitement)
• International community responsibility to to assist in preventing these atrocities

Question 9

internal and external security management requires what?

Answer 9

• requires collective effort

Question 10

describe cooperative instruments to manage state security

Answer 10

• humanitarian assistance
• negotiation / mediation (e.g. ongoing Syria and government opposition peace talks early 2016)
• peacekeeping operations e.g. post war state building
• military and economic technical assitance

Question 11

how much does the USA spent on cooperate security aid ?

Answer 11

• 23 billion dollars on aid and development in 2013

- 14 billion dollars on military assistance in 2013

Question 12

whats the latest with UN and Syria

Answer 12

• few failed rounds of peace talks in Geneva

- want a syrian led peace process

Question 13

describe coercive instruments of security management

Answer 13

• embargos and sanctions (e.g. Cuba 1960 until now)
• Judicial enforcement measures like USA v Iran 1980 over Tehran hostage crisis (froze assets)
• military force like NATO in Serbia

(article 94 states that members must comply with decision of the international court of justice involving them)

Question 14

what is conditionality? (with example)

Answer 14

• both coercive and cooperative diplomacy
• coercive diplomacy, compliance under specific demands
• cooperative diplomacy offers concrete rewards in membership and aid etc
• e.g. Turkey take migrants in order to gain EU membership eventually

Question 15

what did Carsten Stahn write?

Answer 15

• R2P, political rhetoric or emerging legal norm

Question 16

when did UN take up R2P (it appeared in 2001 report) ?

Answer 16

• 2004, after successive humanitarian disasters in Somalia, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Rwanda, Kosovo and Sudan

Question 17

How did the UN high level panel define R2P?

Answer 17

• emerging norm of a collective international responsibility to protect

Question 18

what is the controversy surrounding R2P?

Answer 18

• is it legally binding or not

Question 19

what are the four documents associated with the genesis of R2P?

Answer 19

1. report of the commission on state sovereignty and intervention
2. High level panel report
3. Report of the secretary general
4. Outcome document of 2005 world summit

Question 20

what was the outcome of the 2005 world summit for R2P ?

John R. Bolton

Answer 20

• US ambassador John R. Bolton said the USA would not accept either the UN or security council or individual states having obligation to intervene under international law
• he suggested it be defined as a moral responsibility and that peaceful means be used (Russia, Cuba and Iran opposed this)

Question 21

what did the secretary generals report from the UN in 2009 say about R2P?

Answer 21

1. The State carries the primary responsibility for protecting populations from genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity and ethnic cleansing, and their incitement;
2. The international community has a responsibility to encourage and assist States in fulfilling this responsibility;
3. The international community has a responsibility to use appropriate diplomatic, humanitarian and other means to protect populations from these crimes. If a State is manifestly failing to protect its populations, the international community must be prepared to take collective action to protect populations, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations.

Question 22

What did the high level panel report say about R2P?

Answer 22

The panel proposed basic criteria that would legitimize the authorization of the use of force by the UN Security Council, including the seriousness of the threat, the fact that it must be a last resort, and the proportionality of the response.

Question 23

‘old wine new bottles?’

Answer 23

• Hugo Grotius wrote it would be just to resort to war to prevent state maltreating own subjects