Transmission

Question 1

Direct transmission in animals?

Answer 1

Direct contact

• Kissing or contact with bodily fluids
• Faceces

Inoculation
- Break in the skin e.g. HIV, animal bite, sharing needles

INDIGESTION
- Taking in contaminated food or dirnk

Question 2

INDIRECT tranmission in animals

Answer 2

FOMITES
- Inanimate such as bedding, cosmetics, trasfer pathogens e.g. athletes foot

INHALATION( droplet infection )
- Minute droplets of saliva and mucus

VECTORS
- Vector transmits communicable pathogens from 1 host to another

Question 3

Factors that increased transmission of communiable diseases in Animals

Answer 3

A compromised immune system
Humans- poor waste disposal, breeding grounds for vectors
Change in cliamte
Poor nutrition
OVercorwded living
Culture and infrastructure= traditional medical procedure
Lack of trained health workers

Question 4

Direct transmission of communicable diseases in plants

Answer 4

Direct contact of any healthy plant with any part of diseased
e.g. TMV, ringrot, blight

Question 5

Indirect transmission of communicable diseases in plants

Answer 5

SOIL CONTAMINATION

• Infected plants often leave pathogen or reproductive spores form protoctista or fungi in the soil
• Can infect next crop e.g. spores

VECTORS

• Wind- spores carried y wind
• Water- Spores swim in surface film of water on leaves, rainfall splashed carry pathogen and spores
• Animals- Insects and birds carry pathogens -spores from 1 plant to another as they seed. Aphids inoculate pathogens directly into plant tisssues
• Humans - pathogens and spores transmitted by hands, clothing, farming practices and crops around the workd transporting

Question 6

Reducing spread of communicable diseases in plants

Answer 6

Hygiene- wash , machinery
Control insect vectors
Leave room between plants
Rotate crops, bacteria/spores will eventually die if no host plant
Clear fields throughly and remove all trace of palnts from soil at harvesting

Question 7

Factors affecting transmission of communicable diseases in plants

Answer 7

Overcrowding- increases likelihood of contact
Poor mineral nutrition reduces resistance of plants
Planting varieties of crops that are susceptible to disease
Damp, warm , inceases survival and spread of pathogens and spores
Change in climate, higher rainfall adn wind