Preventing And Treating Diseaes Flashcards
What is an autoimmune disease
Immune system stops recognising self cells
Starts to attack healthy immune system
Generic tendency wit some families
80 types
T regulator cells don’t work effectively or body responds abnormally
What can be used to treat autoimmune diseases
Immunosuppressant drugs
Prevent immune system working
Deprives body of its natural defences against communicable diseases
Types of autoimmune diseases
type 1 diabetes
Lupus
Rheumatoid arthritis
Type 1 diabetes
Affects the insulin - secreting cells of pancreas
Insulin injections, pancreas transplant, immunosuppressant drugs
Lupus
Affects skin and joints and causes fatigue
Can attack any organ
No cure, anti malaprop drugs , steroids, pain relief
Rheumatoid arthritis
Joints
No cure, anti inflammatory drugs , steroids, pain relief
Active natural immunity
When you meet a pathogen for the first time
Body acts ti procure antibodies adn memory cells
Regonise pathogen if returns
Passive natural immunity
Extremely important in new born babies - the immune ysytem of a new born is not mature and cannot produce antibodies
During pregnancy - antibodies able o cross the placenta form mother to baby = immunity to diseases
Breastfeeding - 1st milk given COLOSTRUM, is high in antibodies my oassed Into bloodstream via gut, from mother likely to be relevant to pathogens in own environment
Artificial ACTIVE immunity
Vaccine injected into blood stream
Body stimulated to make own antibodies
Passive artificial immunity
Temporary immunity
Ready made antibodies formed in an individual then extracted
Injected into blood stream of individual
Problems with elimination
Poor responses
Antigenic variation
Some antigens can change their surface antigens, therefore your immune response for the new antigens and makes it difficult to develop vaccinations against some pathogens
Disinfectant
Destroy microorganisms living on objects
Antiseptics
Kill or neutralise pathogens
Don’t damage human tissues
Antivirals
Destroy and present virus replication
Antibodies
Destroy bacteria without damaging our own cells
Herd immunity
Limited opportunity for an outbreak to occur
Ring vaccination
Vaccinate all people around victim containing spread within ring to stop transmission
Vaccines may contain ?
Killed/inactivated bacteria and viruses Attenuated ( weakened) strands Toxin moecluels that have been detoxified Isolated antigens Genetically engineered antigens
HWta happens when a vaccine is given ( antigen)
INjected into blood
B lymphocytes recognise on surface of at hogan and reproduce, CLONAL selection
B lymphocytes produce antibodies specific to one type of antigen
Antibodies destroy
Memory cells proceed
Penicillin
Florey and chain extracted Flemings works and observation. First antibiotics 1928 Penicillium chrysogenum
Paclitaxel source and action?
Derived from yew trees
Treatment of breast cancer
Prialt source and action
Derived form cone snail
New pain killin drug
Aspirin source and action
Based on components rom willow bark
Pain killer, anticoagulant
Vancomycin source And action
Derived from soil fungu s
One of most powerful antibiotics
Digoxin -source and aCTION
Foxglove
Heart drug
What is pharmogenetics
Drugs that work with your ifividual combination of genetics and disease
Synthetic biology
Genetic engineering
Developing populations of bacteria to produce drugs that would otherwise be too rare, expense or not available
Enables the use of bacteria as biological factories
Mammals - gm to produce proteins
Nanotechnology = non natural tiny particles used for biological purposes e.g. Deliver drugs to specific site
Selective toxicity
Antibodies interfere with the mechanism of bacteria without affecting the mechanism of human cells
ANBIIOTIC RESISTANCE
when the bacterial repoduction produces a bacterium that’s not affected by the antibiotic ( mutation )
How does antibiotic resistance occur?
- You start taking the antibiotic
- Some bacteria are susceptible and some resistant
- Susceptible killed
- Resistant left
5, start feeling better - Stop taking antibiotic
7, resistance bacteria reproduce - Resistant now more common
WONT WORK IF U TAKE THEM AGAIN
To prevent antibiotic resistance …
- Stop antibiotic overuse
- Only use when really need them
Develop NEW antibiotics
Always finish course
Good Hygeine
MRSA
Bacterium carried by 30% of population on skin
Cna case boils and septimia in body
Treated by methicillin
C. Difficile
Bacteria in gut of 5% of population
Produces toxins that damage lining= diaphragm and bleeding
Not problem if healthy, but if commonly used - antibiotics kill healthy gut bacteria and it reproduces
