Preventing And Treating Diseaes

Question 1

What is an autoimmune disease

Answer 1

Immune system stops recognising self cells
Starts to attack healthy immune system
Generic tendency wit some families
80 types
T regulator cells don’t work effectively or body responds abnormally

Question 2

What can be used to treat autoimmune diseases

Answer 2

Immunosuppressant drugs
Prevent immune system working
Deprives body of its natural defences against communicable diseases

Question 3

Types of autoimmune diseases

Answer 3

type 1 diabetes
Lupus
Rheumatoid arthritis

Question 4

Type 1 diabetes

Answer 4

Affects the insulin - secreting cells of pancreas

Insulin injections, pancreas transplant, immunosuppressant drugs

Question 5

Lupus

Answer 5

Affects skin and joints and causes fatigue

Can attack any organ

No cure, anti malaprop drugs , steroids, pain relief

Question 6

Rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 6

Joints

No cure, anti inflammatory drugs , steroids, pain relief

Question 7

Active natural immunity

Answer 7

When you meet a pathogen for the first time
Body acts ti procure antibodies adn memory cells
Regonise pathogen if returns

Question 8

Passive natural immunity

Answer 8

Extremely important in new born babies - the immune ysytem of a new born is not mature and cannot produce antibodies
During pregnancy - antibodies able o cross the placenta form mother to baby = immunity to diseases
Breastfeeding - 1st milk given COLOSTRUM, is high in antibodies my oassed Into bloodstream via gut, from mother likely to be relevant to pathogens in own environment

Question 9

Artificial ACTIVE immunity

Answer 9

Vaccine injected into blood stream

Body stimulated to make own antibodies

Question 10

Passive artificial immunity

Answer 10

Temporary immunity
Ready made antibodies formed in an individual then extracted
Injected into blood stream of individual

Question 11

Problems with elimination

Answer 11

Poor responses
Antigenic variation
Some antigens can change their surface antigens, therefore your immune response for the new antigens and makes it difficult to develop vaccinations against some pathogens

Question 12

Disinfectant

Answer 12

Destroy microorganisms living on objects

Question 13

Antiseptics

Answer 13

Kill or neutralise pathogens

Don’t damage human tissues

Question 14

Antivirals

Answer 14

Destroy and present virus replication

Question 15

Antibodies

Answer 15

Destroy bacteria without damaging our own cells

Question 16

Herd immunity

Answer 16

Limited opportunity for an outbreak to occur

Question 17

Ring vaccination

Answer 17

Vaccinate all people around victim containing spread within ring to stop transmission

Question 18

Vaccines may contain ?

Answer 18

Killed/inactivated bacteria and viruses 
Attenuated ( weakened) strands 
Toxin moecluels that have been detoxified 
Isolated antigens 
Genetically engineered antigens

Question 19

HWta happens when a vaccine is given ( antigen)

Answer 19

INjected into blood
B lymphocytes recognise on surface of at hogan and reproduce, CLONAL selection
B lymphocytes produce antibodies specific to one type of antigen
Antibodies destroy
Memory cells proceed

Question 20

Penicillin

Answer 20

Florey and chain extracted 
Flemings works and observation. 
First antibiotics 
1928
Penicillium chrysogenum

Question 21

Paclitaxel source and action?

Answer 21

Derived from yew trees

Treatment of breast cancer

Question 22

Prialt source and action

Answer 22

Derived form cone snail

New pain killin drug

Question 23

Aspirin source and action

Answer 23

Based on components rom willow bark

Pain killer, anticoagulant

Question 24

Vancomycin source And action

Answer 24

Derived from soil fungu s

One of most powerful antibiotics

Question 25

Digoxin -source and aCTION

Answer 25

Foxglove

Heart drug

Question 26

What is pharmogenetics

Answer 26

Drugs that work with your ifividual combination of genetics and disease

Question 27

Synthetic biology

Answer 27

Genetic engineering
Developing populations of bacteria to produce drugs that would otherwise be too rare, expense or not available
Enables the use of bacteria as biological factories
Mammals - gm to produce proteins
Nanotechnology = non natural tiny particles used for biological purposes e.g. Deliver drugs to specific site

Question 28

Selective toxicity

Answer 28

Antibodies interfere with the mechanism of bacteria without affecting the mechanism of human cells

Question 29

ANBIIOTIC RESISTANCE

Answer 29

when the bacterial repoduction produces a bacterium that’s not affected by the antibiotic ( mutation )

Question 30

How does antibiotic resistance occur?

Answer 30

1. You start taking the antibiotic
2. Some bacteria are susceptible and some resistant
3. Susceptible killed
4. Resistant left
   5, start feeling better
5. Stop taking antibiotic
   7, resistance bacteria reproduce
6. Resistant now more common

WONT WORK IF U TAKE THEM AGAIN

Question 31

To prevent antibiotic resistance …

Answer 31

• Stop antibiotic overuse
• Only use when really need them
  Develop NEW antibiotics
  Always finish course
  Good Hygeine

Question 32

MRSA

Answer 32

Bacterium carried by 30% of population on skin
Cna case boils and septimia in body
Treated by methicillin

Question 33

C. Difficile

Answer 33

Bacteria in gut of 5% of population
Produces toxins that damage lining= diaphragm and bleeding
Not problem if healthy, but if commonly used - antibiotics kill healthy gut bacteria and it reproduces