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BIOLOGY module 4 > classificaiton > Flashcards

classificaiton Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a classification system

A

The name given to the process by which living organisms are sorted into groups

the organisms

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2
Q

Natural classification

A

Natural classification systems use EVOLUTIONARY relationships - ancestors and structural features

Order of classification = organisms have more characteristics in common as you descend

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3
Q

Artificial classification

A

Grouped on observable features e.g. flying

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4
Q

Order of classification

A 
Kingdom 
Phylum 
Class
Order
Family
Genus 
Species

King Phillip can only find green socks

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5
Q

What are heirarchical systems called ?

A

Linneaus classification after 18 centuary Swedish botanist Carl linneaus proposed the system

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6
Q

What happens to the number of groups / organisms at each level ??

A

As you descend, there are more groups at each level but fewer organisms in each group. The organisms in each group become more similar and share more characteristics

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7
Q

What are domains ?

A

Further classification

BROADEST GROUPS

Archae , bacteria and eukaryae

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8
Q

Species ?

A

Smallest unit of classification
Each group can only contain one type of organism

Group of organisms that can reproduce to produce fertile offspring - e.g. horse and donkey can breed but offspring is in fertile - they are in a different species and the offspring is not a species

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9
Q

Why do we need classification ?

A

Identify species - easily identify , clearly defined system

Evolutionary links - species in the same group probably have a common ancestor ( they have evolved from this and therefore share characteristics)

Predict characteristics - if several members have specific characteristics , its likely another specifies in the group will have similar

Share research easily - links between different organisms can be seen - even if they live on different continents

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10
Q

Binomial nomenclature for animal

A 
Genus = capital 
Species = lower case after

Italics or underlined

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11
Q

What are the 5 kingdoms

A 
Prokaryotes
Protoctista 
Fungi 
Animalia 
Plantae
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12
Q

Prokaryotae

A

Unicellular

No nucleus of other membrane bound organelles

Ring of naked DNA

Small ribosomes

No visible feeding mechanisms - nutrients are absorbed through fbe cell wall or produced internally by photosynthesis

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13
Q

Protoctista

A

Mainly unicellular

Nucleus and other membrane bound organelles

Some have chloroplasts

Dustin kingdom

Some are sessile but others move by cilia , flagella or by aoneboid mechanisms

Photosynthesis or indigestion of other organisms or btoh or parasitic

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14
Q

Fungi

A

Uni or multicellular
A nucleus and other membrane bound organelles and cell
Wall ( chitin £

No chloroplasts or chlorophyll

No mechanism for locomotion

body or mycelium made of threads of hyphae

Nutrients squired by absorption - mainly from decaying matter and some are parasitic

Store food as glycogen

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15
Q

What does sessile mean

A

Immobile

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16
Q

Plantae

A

Second largest kingdom - over 250,000 species

Multicelllular

Nucleus and other membrane bound organelles eg chloroplast and a cell wall - mostly composed of cellulose
CHLOROPHYLL
Most do not move although gametes of some plants move using cilia and flagella

Nutrients acquired by photosynthesis

Store food as starch

17
Q

Animalia

A

Largest kingdom - over 1 mlionspecies

Multicellular

Nucleus and other membrane bound organelle

No chloroplasts

Move with th aid of cilia flagella it contractile proteins , sometimes in the form of muscular organs
Nutrients squired by injection and stored as glycogen

18
Q

Types f feeders

A

Autotrophic

Saprophytic

Heterotrophic

19
Q

Autotrophic

A

Made their own food

20
Q

Saprophytic

A

Absorption of nutrients

21
Q

Heterotrophic

A

Nutrients aquired by injesting other organisms t

22
Q

Dna - evolution

A

DNA must change in order for charactersfics fo change - DNA determines proteins made which in turn determines that

Comparing similarities and differences in dna and proteins of different species , scientists can discover evolutionary relafimshsip between then

23
Q

6 kingdoms and 3 domains idea

A

The current classification system is known as the 3 domain system

Proposed by Carl woese

Groups organised using differences in the sequences of nucleotides in the cells rRNA as well as he cells membrane lipid structure

24
Q

What are the 3 domains and are they different within the domains

A

Archae bacteria eukaryotee

Within each domain- UNIQUE set of RNA and different ribosomes

25
Q

What is the kingdom for bacteria and archae

A

Bacteria - eubacteria

Archae - archae bacteria

26
Q

Eukarya kingdoms

A

Fungi , animalia plantae and protoctista

27
Q

Compare archaebacteria and eubacteria

A

Both prokaryotes

Chemical makeup different

EU have peotidoglycan cell wall

28
Q

Eukarya domain

A

80s ribosomes

RNA polymerase contains 12 proteins

29
Q

Archae domain

A

70s ribosomes

RNA polymerase 8-10 proteins c similar to eukaryotic ribosome

30
Q

Bacteria domain

A

70s ribosomes

RNA polymerase - 5 proteins

31
Q

What is phylogeny

A

The study of evolutionary relationships between organisms ( phylogenetics)

Which group of an organism is related and how closely related they are

32
Q

What are phylogenetic trees

A

Diagram used to present evolutionary relationships between organisms

BRANCHED - show the species have a common ancestor

33
Q

Advantages of phylogenetic trees

A
  • Can be done without reference to classification and classification can be confirmed
  • Produces a continuous trees whereas classification requires discrete taxonomical groups - not forced to our organisms into a specific group
  • Classification can be misleading as it’s heirarchical - 2 organisms in different families implies they are equivalent fbecause they ad 2 groups in the same rank eg cats and orchids are both families

BIOLOGY module 4 (7 decks)

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