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BIOLOGY module 4 > ANIMAL defense > Flashcards

ANIMAL defense Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the (non specific) defences ?

A

Barriers
Blood clotting
Inflammatory response
Expulsive reflex

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2
Q

Barriers

A

Skin
Mucuous membranes
Tear fluid- lysosomes and antibodies
HCl- Acidity of stomach denatures bacteria
Ciliated epithelium- Tiny hair like structures tat waft pathogens containing musuc, swallowed and passed down digestive system

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3
Q

Barriers - skin

A

Outer barrier to infection, epirdermis, outer layer covered in helathy mirognasims, produces SEBUM - oily substances inhibiting pathogen growth

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4
Q

Barriers- Mucuous membranes

A

Airways, lings, digestive system and reprodutive tracts, lined wtih mucous membranes
Secrete mucous(goblet cells)
Trap pathogens and contain lysosomes that destory bacterial and fungal ell walls
Contains phagocytes who remove remaining pathogens

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5
Q

Blood Clotting

A

If you cut yourself, skin is breached and pathogens can enter the body
The blood clots to seal wound
When platelets come into contact with collagen in the skin, ahere and secrete substances = clot
Clot dries out, forming a tough scab , epidermal cell blow the scab start to grow, sealing the sound
Collagen fibres deposited to give the new tissue strength
Once the new epidermis reached normal thickness , scab sloughs off

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6
Q

Chemicals involved with blood clotting

A

Thromoboplastin - enzyme that triggers a cascade of reactions resulting in blood clot forming ( thrombin)

Serotonin- Makes the smooth muscle in blood vessel walls contract, narrowing and reducing blood supply to the area

Fibrogen — fibrin– forms clot

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7
Q

Inflammatory response

A

Response to pathogen resulting in inflammation at SITE OF WOUND
Characterized by pain, heat, swelling,
Mast cells activated to damaged tissue - release hsitmaines adn cytokines

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8
Q

Histamines

A

Make blood vessels dialate, causing localised heat and redness
Raised temperature helps prevent pathogens reproducing
Make blood vessel walls more leaky so blood plasma is forced out, Once forced outm blood is known as tissue fluid and it causes swelling

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9
Q

Cytokines

A

Attract white blood cells( phagocytes) for phagocytosis

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10
Q

Secondary non specific defenses

A

Fevers

phagocytosis

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11
Q

Fevers

A

Cytokines stimulate hypothalamus to reset the thermosat and your temp goes up
Most pathogens reproduce best at /below 37 -inhibits pathogen reproduction
The specific immune system works faster at higher temps
Denature enzymes or bacteria

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12
Q

What are phagocytes

A

Specialized white blood cells that engulf and destroy pathogens
2 main types- macrophages and neutrophils
Phagocytes - at site of infection and attack pathogens , Sometimes can see pus in wound ( contains dead phagocytes

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13
Q

Macrophages

A

When a macrophage has digested a pathogen, combines antigens from the pathogen surface membrane with special glycoproteins in the cytoplasm called the major histocompatibility complex ( MHC)
MHC moves the antigens to teh macrophages own cell surface becoming an antigen presenting cell
Antigens stimulate other cells involved in specific immune system

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14
Q

Phagocytosis

A
  1. Pathogens produce chemicals that attract phagocytes
  2. Phagocytes recognize non human proteins on pathogens
  3. Phagocyte engulfs the pathogen and encloses it in a vacuole called a phagosome
  4. the pahgosome combines with a lysosome to form a phagolysosome
  5. enzymes from the lysosome digest and destroy
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15
Q

How long does it take for neutrophils and macrophages to engulf and destroy pathogens

A

10 minutes for neutrophils

LONGER for macrophages

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16
Q

What are antibodies

A

Y shaped glycoproteins
Immunoglobulins
Bind to a specific antigen on pathgoen or toxin thats triggered reponse
MAde up of 2 polypeptide chains called heavy chains adn 2 shorter light chains
Disulphide bridges within polypeptide chains holding them togerhe and holding chains together

17
Q

Variable and constant regions - antibodies

A

The binding site of 110 minoa cids on both teh heavy and light chains = VARIABLE
Gives it its specificity

18
Q

What happens when antibody binds to antigen

A

Antibody-antigen complex

Lock and Key

19
Q

3 types of antibody

A

Opsonins
Aglutinins
Neutralisation ( antitoxins)

20
Q

Opsonins

A

The antibody of the antigen -antibody complex acts as an opsonin so teh complex is easily engulfed and digested by phagocytes
Pathogens can no loner invade

21
Q

Antitoxins

A

Binding to toxins produced by pathogens and making them harmless

22
Q

Algutinins

A

Cause the pahtogen carrying antigen-antibody compexes to clump together
Helps to prevent them spreading through teh body and makes it easier for pahgocytes to engulf a number at a time

23
Q

What are lymphocytes

A

Highly specialised cells produced by the bone marrow

24
Q

B lymphocytes

A 
Mature and produced in bone marrow 
10 million different types 
Divide by mitosis 
Plasma cells 
B effector cells and B memory cells
25
Q

T lymphocytes

A

Produced in bone marrow and MATURE in thymus gland
Repond to organism own cell which has been invaded
T helper, Killer, Memory, regulator

26
Q

Plasma cells

A

Produce antibodies to a particular antigen , release them into circulation
Lie for a few days, produce 2000 anitbodies per second

27
Q

B effector cells

A

Divide to form plasma cell clones

28
Q

B memory cells

A

Live for long time
Immunological memory
Programmed to remember a SPECIFIC antigen and enable the body to make a rapid response when a pathogen carrying that antigen is encountered again

29
Q

T helper cells

A 
Have CH4 receptors on their cell surface membranes which bind to surface antigens on apc's 
Produce interleukin(type of cytokine, cell signalling molecule) 
Interleukin's stimulate activity of B cells, which increases antibody production, stimulation production of other types of T cell , attracts and stimulates macrophages to injest pathogens with antigen antibody complexes
30
Q

T killer cells

A

Destroy the pathogen carrying antigen

Produce perforin kills pathogens by making holes i the cell membrane so its freely permeable

31
Q

T memory cells

A

Live for a LONG time
Part of immunological memory
If you meet athogen for a second time - divide rapidly to form clones of t kiler cells to kill pathogens

32
Q

T regulator cells

A

These cells suppress teh immune system, acting to control and regulate it
Stop the immune response one a pathogen has been eliminated and make sure the body recognizes self antigens and doesn’t set up an autoimmune reponse

33
Q

What is cell mediated immunity

A

T lymphocytes respond to cells of an organism that has been changed in some way

34
Q

WHAT happens in cell mediated immunity?

A

Macrophages digest and engulf pathogens in pahgocytosis, they process the antigens form the surface of the pathogen to form APC’s

The receptors on some of the T helper cells fit the antigens, these t helper cells become activated and produce interleukins, which stimulate more T cells to divide rapidly by mitosis

They form clones of identical activated T helper cells that carry the right antigen to bind to a particular protein

35
Q

What happens to cloned T cells in cell mediated immunity

A
  • Develop into T memory cells, which give a rapid response if this pathogen invaded body again
  • Produce interleukins which stimulate B cells to divide
  • Simulate the development f a clone of T killer cells that are specific for the presented antigen and then destroyed infected cells
36
Q

Humoral immunity ?

A

Body respnds to antigens found OUTSIDE cells(e.g. Bacteria and fungi)and to APCS
Produces antibodies
Antibodies not attached to cells

37
Q

What Is an APC - humours immunity

A

When a B cell with complimentary antibodies binds to antigens
B cell engulfs and processes the antigens to become an APC

38
Q

What happens in humoral immunity?

A
  • Activated T cells bind to the B cell APC - CLONAL selection, the B cell with the correct antibody to overcome a particular antigen is secreted for cloning
  • Interleukins produced by the activated T helper cells activate the B cells
  • The B cell divides( mitosis) to give clones of plasma cells and B memory cells = CLONAL expansion
  • Cloned plasma cells produce antibodies that fit antigens , disable them and act as opsonises or aggultonins
  • Some cloned B cells develop int memory cells, if the body is infected by the same pathogen again - b memory cells rapidly divide to form Palma cells , produce the right antibody

BIOLOGY module 4 (7 decks)

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