Translation/Metabolism Flashcards
translation substeps
Initiation, elongation, and termination
the formation of a 30s and 50s rRNA initiation complex
initiation
r-RNA means ribosomal RNA, ____ and ___are the sizes of two parts of the ribosome. If they are joined, they are called ____ ribosome
30s and 50s, 70s
All protein synthesis begins with the ____ initiation codon
AUG
_____ called initiation factors, and the ___ bond energy from GTP should also be present
3 proteins, phosphate
Initial AUG encodes for ____ (special amino acid); middle AUG encodes
N-formyl methionine, regular methionine
ten nucleotides upstream the initial AUG
Shine-Dalgarno box
uses tRNA with attached amino acids as decoders
Elongation
match the codons on mRNA
anti codons
the mRNA ___ the ribosome then the ribosome reads the message. Upon reading, the ____ produces polypeptides. Once the ___ enters the ribosome, the tRNA helps to produce _____
approaches, ribosome, 5’, polypeptide
UAA, UAG, and UGA signals to ____. AUG is the ____
stop, initiation
Translation start codon
AUG
Two sites on the ribosome for the tRNA
P and A
the ribosome is moving to balance the elongating polypeptide chain
Rachet mechanism
single m-RNA can be read simultaneously by
10 to 20
(proteins) that assist in folding
chaperones
clipped off during secretion
signal sequence
signal sequence = a sequence of 20-25 amino acids on the front of a protein that directs protein to be secreted out of the cell
Secretion
secretion through the cytoplasmic membrane
Procaryotes
bud around the proteins and transport to the membranes
transport vesicles
Addition of sugars to the protein structure
Glycosylation
only accomplished in eukaryotic organisms
N-linked glycosylation
Glycosylation ____ is a target for the body to clear proteins. _____ glycosylation patterns will be ____. Critical implications for producing _____ proteins for human injection.
pattern, Non-native, removed, therapeutic
the processes by which cells synthesize biomolecules and generate energy
Metabolism
energy-yielding metabolism.
The process of breaking down larger molecules to extract energy and create reaction substrates
Catabolism
biosynthetic metabolism, the process of synthesizing larger molecules for maintenance and new cell generation
Anabolism
waste products from the cell
Metabolites
utilizable energy that is used in anabolism
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Levels/Class of Cellular Reactions
Class I or Fueling Reactions: the nutrients are absorbed and some of the wastes are removed.
Class II or Biosynthesis Reactions: formed higher or more complicated molecules.
Class III or Polymerization Reactions: biopolymers are formed from monomer units from the Class II.
