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translation Flashcards

1
Q

how many types of bases in nucleic acid

A

4

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2
Q

how many types of bases in nucleic acid

A

4

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3
Q

how many amino acids

A

20

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4
Q

how many possible codes

A

64

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5
Q

DNA is…

A

universal, non-overlapping and degenerate

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6
Q

degerate

A

same amino acid coded for by a number of codes

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7
Q

translation directn

A

5’ to 3’

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8
Q

three roles of RNA in translation

A

1) mRNA–> transporting DNA info from nucleus 2) ribosomal RNA- makes up the ribosome where translation occurs 3)tRNA–> deciphers the codons on the mRNA

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9
Q

where does translation occur

A

in the nucleus’ ribosome

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10
Q

ribozyme

A

an RNA molecule capable of acting as an enzyme.

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11
Q

tRNA is responsible for the catalysis of..

A

peptide bond formation

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12
Q

tRNA

A

-clover shaped molecule with is produced in the nucleus and resides in the cytoplasm -it has anticodons and an acceptor stem which attaches to specific amino acids

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13
Q

where is tRNA produced

A

the nucleus

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14
Q

what couples tRNA with specific amino acids

A

specific enzymes- diff for all tRNA

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15
Q

the anti-codons pair with..

A

codons on the mRNA, delivering its amino cid in the correct sequence

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16
Q

how is the amino acid sequence perfected

A

due to the compatibility of anti-codons on tRNA and codons on mRNA

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17
Q

a ribosome is..

A

a large complex of 4 RNAs and more than 82 proteins

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18
Q

ribosomal unit structure

A

on the ribosomal subunit there are 3 sites 1: A site- aminoacyl-tRNA site 2: P site= peptidyl- tRNA site 3: E site- exit site Made up of a large ribsookmoal sub unit and small subunit

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19
Q

the ribosome is made up of…

A

a large ribosomal subunit- 49 proteins and 3 RNA a small ribosome subunit-33 proteins and 1 RNA and various sites

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20
Q

the ribosome is made up of…

A

a large ribosomal subunit a small ribosome subunit and various sites

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21
Q

how many amino acids

A

20

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22
Q

how many possible codes

A

64

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23
Q

DNA is…

A

universal, non-overlapping and degenerate

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24
Q

degerate

A

same amino acid coded for by a number of codes

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25
Q

translation directn

A

5’ to 3’

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26
Q

three roles of RNA in translation

A

1) mRNA–> transporting DNA info from nucleus 2) ribosomal RNA- makes up the ribosome where translation occurs 3)tRNA–> deciphers the codons on the mRNA

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27
Q

where does translation occur

A

in the nucleus’ ribosome

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28
Q

translation ends with

A

mRNA and ribosomal subunits dissembling an the release of a newly synthesised protein

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29
Q

tRNA is responsible for the catalysis of..

A

peptide bond formation

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30
Q

tRNA

A

-clover shaped molecule with is produced in the nucleus and resides in the cytoplasm -it has anticodons and an acceptor stem which attaches to specific amino acids

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31
Q

where is tRNA produced

A

the nucleus

32
Q

what couples tRNA with specific amino acids

A

specific enzymes- diff for all tRNA

33
Q

the anti-codons pair with..

A

codons on the mRNA, delivering its amino cid in the correct sequence

34
Q

how is the amino acid sequence perfected

A

due to the compatibility of anti-codons on tRNA and codons on mRNA

35
Q

rRNA

A

RNA component of the the ribosomes

36
Q

a ribosome is..

A

a large complex of four RNAs and more than 80 proteins

37
Q

tRNA in the E site will not have

A

an amino acid- it is released after a peptide bond is formed between tRNA molecules in the P and A site

38
Q

the ribosome is made up of…

A

a large ribosomal subunit a small ribosome subunit and various sites

39
Q

there are no tRNA that match the..

A

stop codon sequence

40
Q

3 steps of translation

A

1) initiation 2)elongation 3)termination

41
Q

1) initiation

A
  • initiates at the first (5’) AUG codon - when the small unit of ribosome is in place, it will delineate (indicate the exact position) where the two sites of translation will be -AUG codon is bound to the initiator tRNA- therefore the first amino acid in the polypeptide chain will always be METHIONINE -this allows the large subunit to bind and the ribosome to assemble -p site is filled with initiator tRNa but the A-site is empty
42
Q

first codon of translation is always

A

AUG

43
Q

AUG codes for

A

methionine

44
Q

experiment that crick and brenner did to crack the eugenic code

A

used bacteriophage T4(virus’ which infect and replicates inside bacteria) which infects E-coli -by generating mutants in the RII gene of bacteriophage T4 using proflavin -causing a ‘rapid lysis’ phenotype of larger plaques

45
Q

proflavin

A

a planar molecule, intercalates between base paris in DNA -causes ‘frameshift’ mutations -insertion of an extra base of deletion of a base

46
Q

stop codons ar bound by

A

termination factors

47
Q

translation ends with

A

mRNA and ribosomal subunits dissembling an the release of a newly synthesised protein

48
Q

amino acids on the tRNA are selected by..

A

their codons on the mRNA

49
Q

initiator amino acid carried on the initiator tRNA

A

methionine

50
Q

what scans for the start codon

A

the initiator tRNA and the bottom part of the ribosomal subunit- the top part of the ribosomal subunit only joins after AUG has been found

51
Q

where is the initiator tRNA’s site on the ribosomal rna

A

p-site

52
Q

e-site

A

exist site for tRNA after it is done delivering the amino acid

53
Q

new (non initiator tRNA) enter the

A

A site

54
Q

what happens to adjacent amino acids in the ribosome

A

a peptide bond is formed

55
Q

when peptide bond is formed

A

the amino cid in the p site will release its amino cid and move into the E site- the tRNA in the A site will move into the P site and now the A site is empty for a new tRNA with an amino acid on it to enter

56
Q

there are no tRNA that match the..

A

stop codon sequence

57
Q

who tried to crack the genetic code

A

crick and brenner

58
Q

how many bases correspond to one amino acid

A

3

59
Q

cricks hypothesis with triple mutations which proved that the genetic code was triplet (+++)

A

THE XBI GYR EDZ FOX ATE THE EGG makes sense

60
Q

evidence for the code not being overlapping – simple

A

because single base mutations only ever affect one amino acid

61
Q

experiment that crick and brenner did to crack the eugenic code

A

used bacteriophage T4(virus’ which infect and relicate inside bacteria) which infects E-coli -by generating mutants in the RII gene using proflavin -cuasing a ‘rapid lysis’ phenotype of larger plaques

62
Q

proflavin

A

a planar molecule, intercalates between base paris in DNA -causes ‘frameshift’ mutations -insertion of an extra base of deletion of a base

63
Q

the proflavin and (+) and (-)

A

the proflavin caused base inseriont (+) and base deletions (-) –> these causes bacteriophages which were different to their wild types

64
Q

wild type

A

a strain, gene, or characteristic which prevails among individuals in natural conditions, as distinct from an atypical mutant type.

65
Q

double mutants- (+-)

A

wild type

66
Q

double mutants - (++)

A

RII mutation

67
Q

double mutants (–)

A

RII mutation

68
Q

double frameshift mutants of the same type will still have..

A

mutant phenotypes

69
Q

triple mutants (+++)

A

wild type

70
Q

triple mutants (—)

A

wild type

71
Q

triple mutants (+-+)

A

RII

72
Q

wild type message- CRICKS HYPOTHESIS

A

THE BIG RED FOX ATE THE GG

73
Q

cricks hypothesis with single (+)

A

causes a frame shift so the message now reads THE XBI GRE DFO XAT ETH EEG G -this makes no sense

74
Q

cricks hypothesis with double mutation (++)

A

THE XBI EDF OXA TET HEE GG -makes no sense

75
Q

cricks hypothesis with double WT mutation (+-)

A

THE XBI GRD FOX ATE THE EGG -psuedo wild type

76
Q

some tRNAs can tolerate a mismatch at the third codon position- this is called a

A

wobble

77
Q

three codons that do not code for an amino acid

A

stop codon

1.1 (11 decks)

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