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1.1 > Kapitel 18 > Flashcards

Kapitel 18 Flashcards

1
Q

Stage of mitosis during which the two sets of chromosomes separate and are pulled toward opposite ends of the dividing cell.

A

anaphase

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2
Q

A protein complex that triggers the separation of sister chromatids and orchestrates the carefully timed destruction of proteins that control progress through the cell cycle; the complex catalyzes the ubiquitylation of its targets.

A

anaphase-promoting complex (APC)

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3
Q

A tightly controlled form of programmed cell death that allows cells that are unneeded or unwanted to be eliminated from an adult or developing organism.

A

apoptosis

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4
Q

Star-shaped array of microtubules emanating from a centrosome or from a pole of a mitotic spindle.

A

aster

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5
Q

Related group of intracellular proteins that regulates apoptosis; some family members promote cell death - others inhibit it.

A

Bcl2 family

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6
Q

The symmetrical attachment of a sister chromatid pair on the mitotic spindle - such that one chromatid in the duplicated chromosome is attached to one spindle pole and the other is attached to the opposite pole.

A

bi-orientation

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7
Q

A family of proteases that - when activated - mediates the destruction of the cell by apoptosis.

A

caspase

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8
Q

Regulatory protein that blocks the assembly or activity of cyclin–Cdk complexes - delaying progression primarily through the G1 and S phases of the cell cycle.

A

Cdk inhibitor protein

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9
Q

Network of regulatory proteins that govern the orderly progression of a eukaryotic cell through the stages of cell division.

A

cell-cycle control system

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10
Q

Process by which the centrosome duplicates (during interphase) and the two new centrosomes separate (at the beginning of mitosis) to form the poles of the mitotic spindle.

A

centrosome cycle

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11
Q

Mechanism by which the cell-cycle control system can regulate progression through the cycle - ensuring that conditions are favorable and each process has been completed before proceeding to the next stage.

A

checkpoint

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12
Q

Process by which a duplicated chromosome becomes packed into a more compact structure prior to cell division.

A

chromosome condensation

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13
Q

Protein complex that holds sister chromatids together after DNA has been replicated in the cell cycle.

A

cohesin

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14
Q

Protein complex that helps configure duplicated chromosomes for segregation by making them more compact.

A

condensin

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15
Q

Structure made of actin and myosin filaments that forms a belt around a dividing cell - pinching it in two.

A

contractile ring

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16
Q

Regulatory protein whose concentration rises and falls at specific times during the eukaryotic cell cycle; cyclins help control progression from one stage of the cell cycle to the next by binding to cyclin-dependent protein kinases (Cdks).

A

cyclin

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17
Q

Enzyme that - when complexed with a regulatory cyclin protein - can trigger various events in the cell-division cycle by phosphorylating specific target proteins.

A

cyclin-dependent protein kinase (Cdk)

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18
Q

Process by which the cytoplasm of a plant or animal cell divides in two to form individual daughter cells.

A

cytokinesis

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19
Q

Regulatory protein that helps drive a cell through the first gap phase of the cell cycle and toward S phase.

A

G1 cyclin

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20
Q

Gap 1 phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle; falls between the end of cytokinesis and the start of DNA synthesis.

A

G1 phase

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21
Q

Protein complex whose activity drives the cell through the first gap phase of the cell cycle; consists of a G1 cyclin plus a cyclin-dependent protein kinase (Cdk).

A

G1-Cdk

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22
Q

Regulatory protein that helps to launch the S phase of the cell cycle.

A

G1/S cyclin

23
Q

Protein complex whose activity triggers entry into S phase of the cell cycle; consists of a G1/S cyclin plus a cyclin-dependent protein kinase (Cdk).

A

G1/S-Cdk

24
Q

Gap 2 phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle; falls between the end of DNA synthesis and the beginning of mitosis.

A

G2 phase

25
Q

Extracellular signaling molecule that stimulates a cell to increase in size and mass. Examples include epidermal growth factor (EGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF).

A

growth factor

26
Q

Long period of the cell cycle between one mitosis and the next. Includes G1 phase - S phase - and G2 phase.

A

interphase

27
Q

Protein complex that assembles on the centromere of a condensed mitotic chromosome; the site to which spindle microtubules attach.

A

kinetochore

28
Q

Regulatory protein that binds to mitotic Cdk to form M-Cdk - the protein complex that triggers the M phase of the cell cycle.

A

M cyclin

29
Q

Period of the eukaryotic cell cycle during which the nucleus and cytoplasm divide.

A

M phase

30
Q

Protein complex that triggers the M phase of the cell cycle; consists of an M cyclin plus a mitotic cyclin-dependent protein kinase (Cdk).

A

M-Cdk

31
Q

Stage of mitosis in which chromosomes are firmly attached to the mitotic spindle at its equator but have not yet segregated toward opposite poles.

A

metaphase

32
Q

An extracellular signal molecule that stimulates cell proliferation.

A

mitogen

33
Q

Division of the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.

A

mitosis

34
Q

Array of microtubules and associated molecules that forms between the opposite poles of a eukaryotic cell during mitosis and pulls duplicated chromosome sets apart.

A

mitotic spindle

35
Q

Transcription regulator that controls the cell’s response to DNA damage - preventing the cell from entering S phase until the damage has been repaired or inducing the cell to commit suicide if the damage is too extensive; mutations in the gene encoding this protein are found in many human cancers.

A

p53

36
Q

In a dividing plant cell - structure made of microtubules and membrane vesicles that guides the formation of a new cell wall.

A

phragmoplast

37
Q

A tightly controlled form of cell suicide that allows cells that are unneeded or unwanted to be eliminated from an adult or developing organism; also called apoptosis.

A

programmed cell death

38
Q

Stage of mitosis in which the nuclear envelope breaks down and duplicated chromosomes are captured by the spindle microtubules; precedes metaphase.

A

prometaphase

39
Q

First stage of mitosis - during which the duplicated chromosomes condense and the mitotic spindle forms.

A

prophase

40
Q

Regulatory protein that helps to launch the S phase of the cell cycle.

A

S cyclin

41
Q

Period during a eukaryotic cell cycle in which DNA is synthesized.

A

S phase

42
Q

Protein complex whose activity initiates DNA replication; consists of an S cyclin plus a cyclin-dependent protein kinase (Cdk).

A

S-Cdk

43
Q

Copy of a chromosome - produced by DNA replication - that remains bound to the other copy.

A

sister chromatid

44
Q

Centrosome from which microtubules radiate to form the mitotic spindle.

A

spindle pole

45
Q

Extracellular signal molecule that must be present to suppress apoptosis.

A

survival factor

46
Q

Final stage of mitosis in which the two sets of separated chromosomes decondense and become enclosed by a nuclear envelope.

A

telophase

47
Q

See anaphase-promoting complex

A

APC

48
Q

Separation of a cell into two daughter cells. In eukaryotic cells - entails the splitting of the nucleus (mitosis) closely followed by cleavage of the cytoplasm (cytokinesis).

A

cell division

49
Q

See sister chromatid

A

chromatid

50
Q

See chromosome condensation

A

condensation

51
Q

Assembly of proteins that is bound to the DNA at origins of replication in eukaryotic chromosomes throughout the cell cycle.

A

origin recognition complex (ORC)

52
Q

During cell division - the process by which duplicated chromosomes are organized and then separated into the chromosome sets that will be inherited by each of the daughter cells.

A

segregation

53
Q

Protein complex in centrosomes from which microtubules grow.

A

γ-tubulin ring

1.1 (11 decks)

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