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1.1 > Kapitel 5 > Flashcards

Kapitel 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Set of rules by which the information contained in the nucleotide sequence of a gene and its corresponding RNA molecule is translated into the amino acid sequence in a protein.

A

genetic code

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2
Q

histone

A

One of a group of abundant highly conserved proteins around which DNA wraps to form nucleosomes - structures that represent the most fundamental level of chromatin packing.

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3
Q

complementary

A

Describes two molecular surfaces that fit together closely and form noncovalent bonds with each other. Examples include complementary base pairs - such as A and T - and the two complementary strands of a DNA molecule.

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4
Q

Describes two molecular surfaces that fit together closely and form noncovalent bonds with each other. Examples include complementary base pairs - such as A and T - and the two complementary strands of a DNA molecule.

A

complementary

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5
Q

replication origin

A

Nucleotide sequence at which DNA replication is initiated.

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6
Q

chromatin-remodeling complex

A

Enzyme (typically multisubunit) that uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to alter the arrangement of nucleosomes in eukaryotic chromosomes - changing the accessibility of the underlying DNA to other proteins - including those involved in transcription.

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7
Q

gene

A

Unit of heredity containing the instructions that dictate the characteristics or phenotype of an organism; in molecular terms - a segment of DNA that directs the production of a protein or functional RNA molecule.

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8
Q

Unit of heredity containing the instructions that dictate the characteristics or phenotype of an organism; in molecular terms - a segment of DNA that directs the production of a protein or functional RNA molecule.

A

gene

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9
Q

Nucleotide sequence at which DNA replication is initiated.

A

replication origin

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10
Q

One of a group of abundant highly conserved proteins around which DNA wraps to form nucleosomes - structures that represent the most fundamental level of chromatin packing.

A

histone

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11
Q

double helix

A

The typical structure of a DNA molecule in which the two complementary polynucleotide strands are wound around each other with base-pairing between the strands.

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12
Q

gene expression

A

The process by which a gene makes a product that is useful to the cell or organism by directing the synthesis of a protein or an RNA molecule with a characteristic activity.

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13
Q

Highly condensed duplicated chromosome in which the two new chromosomes (also called sister chromatids) are still held together at the centromere. The structure chromosomes adopt during mitosis.

A

mitotic chromosome

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14
Q

centromere

A

Specialized DNA sequence that allows duplicated chromosomes to be separated during M phase; can be seen as the constricted region of a mitotic chromosome.

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15
Q

heterochromatin

A

Highly condensed region of an interphase chromosome; generally gene-poor and transcriptionally inactive. (See alsoeuchromatin.)

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16
Q

euchromatin

A

One of the two main states in which chromatin exists within an interphase cell. Prevalent in gene-rich areas - its less compact structure allows access for proteins involved in transcription. (See alsoheterochromatin.)

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17
Q

Complex of DNA and proteins that makes up the chromosomes in a eukaryotic cell.

A

chromatin

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18
Q

mitotic chromosome

A

Highly condensed duplicated chromosome in which the two new chromosomes (also called sister chromatids) are still held together at the centromere. The structure chromosomes adopt during mitosis.

19
Q

State in which a eukaryotic chromosome exists when the cell is between divisions; more extended and transcriptionally active than mitotic chromosomes.

A

interphase chromosome

20
Q

The orderly sequence of events by which a cell duplicates its contents and divides into two.

A

cell cycle

21
Q

One of the two main states in which chromatin exists within an interphase cell. Prevalent in gene-rich areas - its less compact structure allows access for proteins involved in transcription. (See alsoheterochromatin.)

A

euchromatin

22
Q

telomere

A

Repetitive nucleotide sequence that caps the ends of linear chromosomes. Counteracts the tendency of the chromosome otherwise to shorten with each round of replication.

23
Q

Repetitive nucleotide sequence that caps the ends of linear chromosomes. Counteracts the tendency of the chromosome otherwise to shorten with each round of replication.

A

telomere

24
Q

An ordered display of the full set of chromosomes of a cell arranged with respect to size - shape - and number.

A

karyotype

25
Q

base pair

A

Two complementary nucleotides in an RNA or a DNA molecule that are held together by hydrogen bonds—for example - G with C - and A with T or U.

26
Q

Large structure within the nucleus where ribosomal RNA is transcribed and ribosomal subunits are assembled.

A

nucleolus

27
Q

Enzyme (typically multisubunit) that uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to alter the arrangement of nucleosomes in eukaryotic chromosomes - changing the accessibility of the underlying DNA to other proteins - including those involved in transcription.

A

chromatin-remodeling complex

28
Q

cell cycle

A

The orderly sequence of events by which a cell duplicates its contents and divides into two.

29
Q

histone deacetylase

A

Enzyme that removes acetyl groups from lysines present in histones; its action often allows chromatin to pack more tightly.

30
Q

The process by which a gene makes a product that is useful to the cell or organism by directing the synthesis of a protein or an RNA molecule with a characteristic activity.

A

gene expression

31
Q

interphase chromosome

A

State in which a eukaryotic chromosome exists when the cell is between divisions; more extended and transcriptionally active than mitotic chromosomes.

32
Q

nucleosome

A

Beadlike structural unit of a eukaryotic chromosome composed of a short length of DNA wrapped around a core of histone proteins; includes a nucleosomal core particle (DNA plus histone protein) along with a segment of linker DNA that ties the core particles together.

33
Q

chromatin

A

Complex of DNA and proteins that makes up the chromosomes in a eukaryotic cell.

34
Q

heredity

A

The genetic transmission of traits from parents to offspring.

35
Q

Highly condensed region of an interphase chromosome; generally gene-poor and transcriptionally inactive. (See alsoeuchromatin.)

A

heterochromatin

36
Q

Beadlike structural unit of a eukaryotic chromosome composed of a short length of DNA wrapped around a core of histone proteins; includes a nucleosomal core particle (DNA plus histone protein) along with a segment of linker DNA that ties the core particles together.

A

nucleosome

37
Q

The genetic transmission of traits from parents to offspring.

A

heredity

38
Q

genetic code

A

Set of rules by which the information contained in the nucleotide sequence of a gene and its corresponding RNA molecule is translated into the amino acid sequence in a protein.

39
Q

nucleolus

A

Large structure within the nucleus where ribosomal RNA is transcribed and ribosomal subunits are assembled.

40
Q

Enzyme that removes acetyl groups from lysines present in histones; its action often allows chromatin to pack more tightly.

A

histone deacetylase

41
Q

karyotype

A

An ordered display of the full set of chromosomes of a cell arranged with respect to size - shape - and number.

42
Q

Two complementary nucleotides in an RNA or a DNA molecule that are held together by hydrogen bonds—for example - G with C - and A with T or U.

A

base pair

43
Q

Specialized DNA sequence that allows duplicated chromosomes to be separated during M phase; can be seen as the constricted region of a mitotic chromosome.

A

centromere

44
Q

The typical structure of a DNA molecule in which the two complementary polynucleotide strands are wound around each other with base-pairing between the strands.

A

double helix

1.1 (11 decks)

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