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1.1 > Kapitel 16 > Flashcards

Kapitel 16 Flashcards

1
Q

Adjustment of sensitivity following repeated stimulation; allows a cell or organism to register small changes in a signal despite a high background level of stimulation.

A

adaptation

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2
Q

Enzyme that catalyzes the formation of cyclic AMP from ATP; an important component in some intracellular signaling pathways.

A

adenylyl cyclase

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3
Q

Enzyme that phosphorylates target proteins in response to an increase in Ca2+ ion concentration through its interaction with the Ca2+-binding protein calmodulin.

A

Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaM kinase)

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4
Q

Small Ca2+-binding protein that modifies the activity of many target proteins in response to changes in Ca2+ concentration.

A

calmodulin (CaM)

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5
Q

The molecular mechanisms by which cells detect and respond to external stimuli and send messages to other cells.

A

cell signaling

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6
Q

Small intracellular signaling molecule generated from ATP in response to hormonal stimulation of cell-surface receptors.

A

cyclic AMP (cAMP)

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7
Q

Enzyme that phosphorylates target proteins in response to a rise in intracellular cyclic AMP concentration.

A

cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase A - PKA)

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8
Q

Small messenger molecule produced by the cleavage of membrane inositol phospholipids in response to extracellular signals. Helps activate protein kinase C.

A

diacylglycerol (DAG)

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9
Q

Transmembrane protein that - when stimulated by the binding of a ligand - activates an intracellular enzyme (either a separate enzyme or part of the receptor itself).

A

enzyme-coupled receptor

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10
Q

Any molecule present outside the cell that can elicit a response inside the cell when the molecule binds to a receptor.

A

extracellular signal molecule

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11
Q

A membrane-bound GTP-binding protein involved in intracellular signaling; composed of three subunits - this intermediary is usually activated by the binding of a hormone or other ligand to a transmembrane receptor.

A

G protein

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12
Q

Cell-surface receptor that associates with an intracellular trimeric GTP-binding protein (G protein) after activation by an extracellular ligand. These receptors are embedded in the membrane by seven transmembrane α helices.

A

G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)

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13
Q

Intracellular signaling protein whose activity is determined by its association with either GTP or GDP. Includes both trimeric G proteins and monomeric GTPases - such as Ras.

A

GTP-binding protein

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14
Q

Extracellular signal molecule that is secreted and transported via the bloodstream (in animals) or the sap (in plants) to target tissues on which it exerts a specific effect.

A

hormone

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15
Q

Small intracellular signaling molecule that triggers the release of Ca 2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum into the cytosol; produced when a signal molecule activates a membrane-bound protein called phospholipase C.

A

inositol 1 -4 -5-trisphosphate (IP3)

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16
Q

Minor lipid component of plasma membranes that plays a part in signal transduction in eukaryotic cells; cleavage yields two small messenger molecules - IP3 and diacylglycerol.

A

inositol phospholipid

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17
Q

A set of proteins and small-molecule second messengers that interact with each other to relay a signal from the cell membrane to its final destination in the cytoplasm or nucleus.

A

intracellular signaling pathway

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18
Q

Transmembrane receptor protein or protein complex that opens in response to the binding of a ligand to its external face - allowing the passage of a specific inorganic ion.

A

ion-channel-coupled receptor

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19
Q

Secreted signal molecule that acts at a short range on adjacent cells.

A

local mediator

20
Q

Mitogen-activated protein kinase. Signaling molecule that is the final kinase in a three-kinase sequence called the MAP-kinase signaling module.

A

MAP kinase

21
Q

Set of three functionally interlinked protein kinases that allows cells to respond to extracellular signal molecules that stimulate proliferation; includes a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) - a MAP kinase kinase - and a MAP kinase kinase kinase.

A

MAP-kinase signaling module

22
Q

Intracellular signaling protein that toggles between an active and inactive state in response to receiving a signal.

A

molecular switch

23
Q

Small - single-subunit GTP-binding protein. Proteins of this family - such as Ras and Rho - are part of many different signaling pathways.

A

monomeric GTPase

24
Q

Locally acting gaseous signal molecule that diffuses across cell membranes to affect the activity of intracellular proteins.

A

nitric oxide (NO)

25
Q

Protein inside a eukaryotic cell that - on binding to a signal molecule - enters the nucleus and regulates transcription.

A

nuclear receptor

26
Q

Enzyme that phosphorylates inositol phospholipids in the plasma membrane - which generates docking sites for intracellular signaling proteins that promote cell growth and survival.

A

phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase)

27
Q

Enzyme associated with the plasma membrane that generates two small messenger molecules in response to activation.

A

phospholipase C

28
Q

Enzyme that phosphorylates target proteins in response to a rise in diacylglycerol and Ca2+ ions.

A

protein kinase C (PKC)

29
Q

One of a large family of small GTP-binding proteins (the monomeric GTPases) that helps relay signals from cell-surface receptors to the nucleus. Many human cancers contain an overactive mutant form of the protein.

A

Ras

30
Q

Protein that recognizes and responds to a specific signal molecule.

A

receptor

31
Q

Enzyme-coupled receptor that phosphorylates target proteins on serine or threonine.

A

receptor serine/threonine kinase

32
Q

Enzyme-coupled receptor in which the intracellular domain has a tyrosine kinase activity - which is activated by ligand binding to the receptor’s extracellular domain.

A

receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)

33
Q

Small intracellular signaling molecule generated or released in response to an extracellular signal. Examples include cAMP - IP3 - and Ca2+.

A

second messenger

34
Q

Enzyme that phosphorylates target proteins on serines or threonines.

A

serine/threonine kinase

35
Q

Conversion of an impulse or stimulus from one physical or chemical form to another. In cell biology - the process by which a cell responds to an extracellular signal.

A

signal transduction

36
Q

Nucleotide - lipid - ion - or other small molecule generated or released in response to an extracellular signal. Examples include cAMP - IP3 - and Ca2+. Also called second messengers.

A

small intracellular signaling molecule

37
Q

Hydrophobic signal molecule related to cholesterol; can pass through the plasma membrane to interact with intracellular receptors that affect gene expression in the target cell. Examples include estrogen and testosterone.

A

steroid hormone

38
Q

See calmodulin

A

CaM

39
Q

See signaling cascade

A

cascade

40
Q

Small signaling molecule - made and secreted by cells - that acts on neighboring cells to alter their behavior. Usually a protein - polypeptide - or glycoprotein.

A

cytokine

41
Q

Sugar molecule with six hydroxyl groups that forms the structural basis for inositol phospholipids - which can act as membrane-bound signaling molecules.

A

inositol

42
Q

Molecule that is part of the mechanism for transducing and transmitting signals inside a cell.

A

intracellular signaling molecule

43
Q

Sequence of linked reactions - often including phosphorylation and dephosphorylation - that carries information within a cell - often amplifying an initial signal.

A

signaling cascade

44
Q

See second messenger

A

small messenger

45
Q

High-energy bond formed by a condensation reaction between an acid (acyl) group and a thiol group (–SH); seen - for example - in acetyl CoA and in many enzyme–substrate complexes.

A

thioester bond

1.1 (11 decks)

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