Translation

Question 1

What do letters U, C, A, G represent

Answer 1

nucleotides in RNA

Question 2

what do the abbreviations such as phe, lle.ala, gly represent

Answer 2

amino acids

Question 3

The language of mRNA is often described as a triplet code. explain the significance of this reference

Answer 3

Three nucleotides are needed to code for one amino acid

Question 4

If an RNA molecule had 300 nucleotides in the coding region of the strand, how many amino acid would be in the polypeptide that was synthesized

Answer 4

300/3 equals 100 amino acids

Question 5

how many different codons code for the amino acid proline

Answer 5

4

Question 6

compare all of the codons for proline. what is similar and different

Answer 6

all the proline codes start with CC. only the 3rd pase is different

Question 7

considering the mistakes that can occur during transcription and DNA replication, what advantage is there for an organism to have multiple mRNA sequences code for the same amino acid

Answer 7

If a mistake occured during the transcription or replication the codon in mRNA may still translate to the same amino acid.

Question 8

what amino acid is at the beginning of evry polypeptide

Answer 8

methionine

Question 9

The codons shown in model one are used in all species on Earth with little variation. what might scientist conclude from this

Answer 9

This supports the theory of evolution, that these systems have been passed down through generations of animals eve through changes in species

Question 10

what are the 3 stages of translation

Answer 10

Initiation, elongation and termination

Question 11

define each of the terms used in your answer to part a as they are used in everyday language

Answer 11

initiation- to start
elongation- to make longer to add on
termination- to end

Question 12

Whe the mRNA leaves the nucleus to which organelle does it attach

Answer 12

ribosome

Question 13

the mRNA attaches to the organelle at the sequence AUG. What is the significance of this sequence of nulceotides

Answer 13

this is the start codon

Question 14

describe the movement of the ribosome as translation occurs

Answer 14

the ribosomes move along the mRNA chain from the 5’ end to the 3’ end

Question 15

Find the tRNA in model 2 that is carrying the histidine. what is the sequence of nucleotides make the anticodon on this tRNA molecule

Answer 15

GUA

Question 16

what codon on mRNA would match this anticodon

Answer 16

CAU

Question 17

The t in tRNA is short for transfer. In a complete sentence explain why this molecule is called transfer RNA

Answer 17

It is transferring the correct amino acids in the correct sequence to the ribosome to produce the functional protein

Question 18

During elongation how many tRNA molecules that are held in the ribosomes at the same time

Answer 18

2

Question 19

what will happen to the unattached tRNA once it has delivered its amino acid

Answer 19

it is released from the ribosome and is free to pick up and carry another amino acid

Question 20

describe 2 things that occur during termination

Answer 20

a release factor binds the last codon which stops the process of adding more amino acids to the polypeptide. A water molecule is added to the end of the amino acid chain

Question 21

explain how the term translation applies to the synthesis of proteins from the DNa instructions

Answer 21

the language of DNA is in the format of nitrogen bases read in set of 3 called codons is being translated into the language of the proteins ie.. amino acids

Question 22

the codons of mRNA are

Answer 22

3 nucleotides and four possible base combinations

Question 23

show mathematically that there are 64 permutations possible when 3 basses are used

Answer 23

444=64

Question 24

show mathematically that two bases as a codon would not be sufficient to code for all 20 known amino acids

Answer 24

4*4=16

Question 25

in prokaryotic cells translation begins before transcription is finished. give 2 reasons why this would not be possible in eukaryotic cells

Answer 25

eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, and transcription takes place in the nucleus while translation takes place on the ribosomes in the cytoplasm of the cells. Eukaryotic cells have introns that need to be removed from the pre-mRNA before translation can happen

Question 26

purpose

Answer 26

to synthesize proteins

Question 27

definition

Answer 27

the process of synthesizing a specific polypeptide on a ribosome

Question 28

product preocessing

Answer 28

codons are translated into the proteins that are needed

Question 29

location

Answer 29

cytoplasm ( ribosomes in the cytoplasm)

Question 30

initiation

Answer 30

a complex is formed between an mRNA molecule, the first tRNA and the ribosomal sununits

Question 31

termination

Answer 31

occurs when a stop codon
completed protein
takes place in the ribosomes

Question 32

elongation

Answer 32

involves the covalent bonding of amino acids to each other, one at a time to produce a polypeptide (proteins)

Question 33

antibiotics

Answer 33

some antibiotics which are chemicals that inhibits the growth of certain microorganisms, bind only to bacterial ribosomes and inhibit translation

bacteria has a cell wall
antibiotics destroy the cell wall

Question 34

what does ribosome do

Answer 34

it consists of 2 subunits. the smaller subunit binds to the mRNA strand and the larger subunit holds the tRNA molecules in place while the covalent peptide bond is formed between the amino acids

Question 35

the tRNA molecules in a cell are short sequences of nucleotides about ( about 80 bases) that contains an ___ and carry a specific amino acid

Answer 35

anticodon