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Biology > Meiosis > Flashcards

Meiosis Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of organs are the cells that enter meiosis 1

A

Sex organs (ovaries and testes)

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2
Q

What event must take place during interphase before a cell proceeds to division

A

DNA replication

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3
Q

What two structures make up a single replicated chromosome

A

Sister chromatids

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4
Q

How many replicated chromosomes does the cell contain during prophase

A

4

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5
Q

At which stage in meiosis 1 do the pairs of homologous chromosomes come together

A

Late prophase 1

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6
Q

Once chromosomes have formed a pair, what are they called?

A

Tetrads

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7
Q

At the end of meiosis 1 two cells have been produced. How many replicated chromosomes are in each of these cells

A

Two

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8
Q

Diploid

A

Full set of chromosomes

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9
Q

Haploid

A

Half the chromosomes

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10
Q

Which stage of meiosis 1 are the cells diploid and haploid

A

Diploid- prophase, metaphase, and anaphase

Haploid- telophase after the cell has split

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11
Q

What is the relationship between the cells at the end of telophase 1 and the original cell?

A

The new cells have two copies of half of the genetic information in the original cell

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12
Q

Will the cells at the end of telophase 1 be genetically identical to each other?

A

No because the homologous pairs are separated and the alleles on each homologous pair are not necessarily identical

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13
Q

In meiosis 1 during anaphase 1, which structures separated

A

Homologous chromosomes

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14
Q

In meiosis 2 during anaphase 2 which structures seperared

A

Sister chromatids

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15
Q

At the end of meiosis 2 are four daughter cells. Are they haploid or diploid

A

The cells are haploid. They each contain one chromosome (sister chromatids) from each homologous pair. Each chromosome contains a complete set of genes

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16
Q

What is the relationship between the cells at the end of meiosis 2 and the original cell

A

The new cells have one copy of half of the genetic information in the original cell

17
Q

What is the name given to the cells produced at the end of meiosis 1 in males

A

Secondary spermatocyte

18
Q

What is the name given to the cells produced at the end of meiosis 1 in females

A

Secondary oocyte

19
Q

At the end of meiosis 2 in males, what cells are produced

A

Spermatids

20
Q

What do spermatids eventually become

A

Mature sperm

21
Q

Before fertilization what happens to the secondary oocyte

A

Proceed to meiosis 2

22
Q

During fertilization which two cells come together

A

Mature sperm and secondary oocyte

23
Q

During meiosis 2 the secondary oocyte divides unevenly with one cell (the ovum) receiving half of the chromosomes and nearly all the cytoplasm and organelles while the other cell, the polar body, is much smaller and eventually degenerates. Why does the secondary oocyte divide this way?

A

The ovum will receive more organelles, such as mitochondria for making energy, which will provide the zygote with all of its cytoplasm and organelles( Sperm contains only scant cytoplasm, a few mitochondria and haploid chromosomes) but nuclear division is necessary to produce the correct number of chromosomes in the oocyte

24
Q

What is the ploidy of the zygote produced by fertilization haploid or diploid

A

Diploid

25
Q

What would the Ploidy of the zygote be if egg and sperm were produced by mitosis rather than meiosis. How would this affect the ploidy of each successive generations

A

The egg and sperm would Each would be diploid. So the zygote would be tetraploid. If the tetraploid organisms produced tetraploid eggs the next generation would be octoploid This doubling would Continue

26
Q

What is the origin of the chromosomes found in the zygote

A

The homologous pair of chromosomes found in the zygote have come from each parent. One half of each pair is maternal and the other half is paternal

27
Q

What are the points where the sister chromatids cross over

A

Chiasma

28
Q

What happens to the chromatids during crossover

A

Sections of the homologous pair switch places on the chromatids

29
Q

What phrase is used to describe the chromatids after crossing over takes place and the homologous chromosomes separate

A

Recombinant chromatids

30
Q

Are the genes of the recombinant chromatid the same as the original chromatids

A

Yes each chromosome in the homologous pair contains the same genes in the same spot

31
Q

Are the alleles on a recombinant chromatid the same as the original

A

No the homologous pair can have a different alleles for each gene

32
Q

Is either arrangement egually likely during the formations of tetrads in late prophase 1

A

DNA replication occurs randomly within the nucleus of the cell. When the homologous chromosomes come together as tetrads they are equally likely to line up on one side

33
Q

If there was 3 sets of homologous chromosomes. How many possible arrangements would there be for the tetrads in late prophase 1

A

2•2•2=8

34
Q

What is the possible genetic combination due to independent assortment

A

2^23= 8,388,608

35
Q

Meiosis and sexual reproduction each lead to variation in the genetic makeup of every person. With your group, explain how meiotic event as well as random fertilization of eggs and sorry together lead to this genetic variation

A

Independent assortment leads to multiple different maternal and paternal gene combinations being produced in the cells at the end of meiosis 1. Chiasma formation between homologous pairs of chromosomes leads to blocks of genes being swapped between nonsister chromatids during separation at anaphase 1. This leads to alleles combinations on the chromosomes being shuffled and further varies the chromosomes that end up in Egg and Sperm after meiosis 2 random fertilization of eggs and sperm means that when zygote are formed the gene combination will be different each time, even if they come from the same two parents

36
Q

When homologous chromosomes pairs align on the spindle during metaphase 1 the orientation of one pair is independent of the orientation of any pair

A

independent assortment

Biology (19 decks)

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