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BIO107 - Cell and Molecular Biology > Translation > Flashcards

Translation Flashcards

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1
Q

ribosomes read the genetic message in mRNA and produce a polypeptide chain

A

translation

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2
Q

immediate product of translation

A

polypeptide chain

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3
Q

translation machinery

A
  1. mRNA
  2. tRNA
  3. ribosomes
  4. protein factors
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4
Q

translation in prokaryotes

A
  1. initiation, elongation, termination
  2. control
  3. antibiotics
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5
Q

translation in eukaryotes

A
  1. initiation, elongation, termination
  2. control
  3. protein targeting
  4. post-translational modifications
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6
Q
  • template for translation
  • open reading frame
A

mRNA

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7
Q

start codon

A

AUG

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8
Q

open reading frame

A

start codon -> stop codon

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9
Q

correspondence between the mRNA/codon and amino acid

A

genetic code

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10
Q

genetic code is the correspondence between what?

A
  • mRNA/codon
  • amino acid
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11
Q

Properties of the genetic code

A
  1. almost universal
  2. degenerate
  3. contiguous
  4. unambiguous
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12
Q

the same for all organisms with few exceptions

A

universal

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13
Q

there is more than one codon for some amino acids

A

degenerate

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14
Q

codons do not overlap and have no spacers in between

A

contiguous

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15
Q

each codon specify only one amino acid

A

unambiguous

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16
Q

non-standard base pair can form between third base of codon and first base of anticodon

A

wobble hypothesis

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17
Q

wobble hypothesis

A

non-standard base pair between 3rd base codon and 1st base anticodon

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18
Q

what is reduced in wobble hypothesis

A

no. of tRNAs needed to read

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19
Q

wobble hypothesis:
in mRNA, __ in the wobble position can pair with __ in the tRNA anticodon

A

G - wobble
U/C - tRNA anticodon

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20
Q

wobble hypothesis:
in tRNA, __ in the wobble position can pair with __ in the tRNA anticodon

A

inosine - wobble
U/C/A - mRNA codon

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21
Q

contain multiple open reading frame

A

polycistronic

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22
Q
  • AGGAGGU
  • found upstream from the start codon
  • prokaryotes
A

Shine-Dalgarno sequence

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23
Q

Shine-Dalgarno sequence

A

AGGAGGU

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24
Q

contain single ORF

A

monocistronic mRNA

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25
Q

protect and stabilize eukaryotic mRNA

A
  • 5’ cap
  • polyA tail
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26
Q
  • transfers amino acid to the ribosome
  • adaptor molecule
  • its anticodon decodes the codon in the mRNA
A

tRNA

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27
Q

length of tRNA

A

~ 75-95 nucleotides long

28
Q

characteristic secondary structure of the tRNA

A

clover-leaf structure

29
Q

parts of tRNA

A
  1. acceptor arm
  2. D or DHU arm
  3. anticodon arm
  4. variable arm
  5. TYCG arm
30
Q

the 5’-CCA-3’ terminal that binds the amino acid the anticodon specify

A

acceptor stem/arm

31
Q

have 3-4 bp stem and a loop that contain dihydrouridine

A

D or DHU arm

32
Q

what does the D or DHU arm contain

A

dihydrouridine

33
Q

5bp stem with a loop that contain the anticodon that is complementary to teh codon it recognizes

A

anticodon arm

34
Q

length of anticodon arm

A

5 bp

35
Q

have 3-20 bases that may form a step of up to 7 bp

A

variable arm

36
Q

no. of base in variable arm

A

3-20 bases

37
Q

5 bp stem ending in a loop containing the invariant residues of TYCG

A

TYCG arm

38
Q

bp of TYCG arm

A

5 bp

39
Q

tertiary structure of the tRNA that is formed by 9 h-bonds mainly between the invariant bases

A

L-shape structure

40
Q

forms tertiary structure of tRNA

A

9 H-bonds mainly between invariant bases

41
Q

amino acid + tRNA + ATP –> aminoacyl-tRNA + AMP + PPi

A

tRNA activation/aminoacylation

42
Q

enzyme in tRNA activation

A

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

43
Q

rRNA + ribosomal proteins = ?

A

ribosomes

44
Q

composition of ribosomes

A
  1. large subunit
  2. small subunit
45
Q
  • contains the peptidyl transferase center
  • factor-binding center
A

large subunit

46
Q

catalyzes peptide bond formation in P site

A

peptidyl transferase center

47
Q
  • contains the decoding center
  • 2 narrow channels where the mRNA enters and exits
A

small subunit

48
Q

Three tRNA binding site in a ribosome

A
  1. A site
  2. P site
  3. E site
49
Q

binding site for the amino-acyl tRNA

A

A site

50
Q

A site is the binding site for what

A

aminoacyl-tRNA

51
Q

binding site for peptidyl tRNA

A

P site

52
Q

P site is the binding site for what

A

peptidyl tRNA

53
Q

binding site for the uncharged tRNA

A

E site

54
Q

E site is the binding site of what

A

uncharged tRNA

55
Q

meaning of S in ribosome

A
  • sedimentation coefficient
  • measure of rate of sedimentation in ultracentrifuge
56
Q

S is measured in __

A

Svedberg units

57
Q

prokaryotic ribosomes

A

70 S

58
Q

large subunit of prokaryotic ribosomes

A

50S

59
Q

50 S of large subunit of prokaryotic ribosomes

A

31 proteins + 23S RNA + 5S RNA

60
Q

small subunit of prokaryotic ribosomes

A

30S

61
Q

30S of small subunit of prokaryotic ribosomes

A

21 proteins + 16S RNA

62
Q

eukaryotic ribosomes

A

80S

63
Q

large subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes

A

60S

64
Q

60S of large subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes

A

50 proteins + 28S RNA + 5.8S RNA + 5S

65
Q

small subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes

A

40S

66
Q

40S of small subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes

A

33 proteins + 18S RNA

67
Q

consist of a cluster of ribosomes that are held simultaneously by a strand of messenger RNA (mRNA) in rosette or helical group

A

polyribosome

BIO107 - Cell and Molecular Biology (18 decks)

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