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BIO107 - Cell and Molecular Biology > Lesson 1 - Introduction (after break hehe) > Flashcards

Lesson 1 - Introduction (after break hehe) Flashcards

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1
Q

new genes are generated from __ __

A

preexisting genes

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2
Q

introduces a piece of DNA from the genome of one cell to that of another

A

Horizontal (intercellular) transfer

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3
Q

more than __ gene families are common to all 3 domains of life

A

200

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4
Q

Two fundamentally different classes of cells

A
  1. prokaryotic cell
  2. eukaryotic cell
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5
Q
  • does not have internal organelles surrounded by a membrane
  • most functions take place in the cytoplasm
A

prokaryotic cell

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6
Q

has distinct membrane-bound organelles that allow different parts of the cell to perform different functions

A

eukaryotic cell

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7
Q

Two distinct kingdoms of prokaryotic cells

A
  1. eubacteria
  2. archaea
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8
Q

size of prokaryotes

A

1-2 μm

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9
Q

genome of prokaryotes

A

single circular DNA

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10
Q

additional small circular DNA molecules in prokaryotes

A

plasmids

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11
Q

Two types of membrane bound structures

A
  1. single membrane
  2. double membrane
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12
Q

single membrane organelles

A
  1. endoplasmic reticulum
  2. vacuole
  3. lysosome
  4. peroxisome
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13
Q

double membrane organelles

A
  1. nucleus
  2. mitochondrion
  3. chloroplast
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14
Q

non-membrane bound organelles

A
  1. ribosome
  2. proteasome
  3. nucleosome
  4. centriole and microtubule organizing centers (MTOC)
  5. cytoskeleton
  6. flagellum
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15
Q

site of assembly of ribosome subunits

A

nucleolus

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16
Q

passage for RNA and proteins

A

nuclear pore

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17
Q
  • network of membranes related through direct physical contact or by vesicles
  • divides the cell into structural and functional compartments
A

endomembrane system

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18
Q

inclusions of the endomembrane system

A
  1. nuclear envelope
  2. endoplasmic reticulum
  3. golgi complex
  4. transport and secretory vesicles
  5. lysosomes
  6. peroxisomes
  7. vacuoles
  8. plasma membrane
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19
Q

serves important functions particularly in the synthesis, folding, modification, and transport of proteins

A

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

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20
Q

2 regions of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A
  1. rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
  2. smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
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21
Q
  • synthesizes proteins
  • extension of the outher nuclear membrane
  • ribosomes attached to the membrane
  • protein products are wrapped in transport vesicles that bud from the ER
A

rough endoplasmic reticulum

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22
Q

protein products are wrapped in __ __

A

transport vesicles

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23
Q
  • involved in the synthesis and storage of lipids, including cholesterol and phospholipids, which are used in the production of new cellular membrane
  • detoxify
  • phospholipid biosynthesis
A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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24
Q
  • flattened stack of sac-like membranes that are scattered throughout the cytoplasm
  • sorts, modifies, packages cellular products and secrete them out to their destinations
A

golgi bodies

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25
Q

flattened stack of sac-like membranes

A

cisterna

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26
Q

name of golgi bodies in plants

A

dictyosomes

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27
Q

receiving side of golgi body

A

cis face

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28
Q
  • digests macromolecules, cellular debris, old organelles and foreign substances
  • produced by the golgi complex
  • contain digestive (hydrolytic) enzymes – ‘demolition sites’ or ‘suicidal bags’
A

lysosomes

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29
Q

releasing side of golgi body

A

trans face

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30
Q

what do lysosomes contain

A

digestive (hydrolytic) enzymes

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31
Q
  • detoxify toxins and free radicals, breakdown fats, produce bile salts
  • contains enzymes produced by cytoplasmic ribosomes
A

peroxisome

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32
Q

where are peroxisomes found

A

liver cells

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33
Q

ubiquitous heme enzymes that catalyze the removal of hydrogen peroxide

A
  • Catalases
  • peroxidases
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34
Q
  • storage of water, ergastic substances, inclusions, etc
  • single membrane organelle separated from the cytoplasmic contents by tonoplast
A

vacuole

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35
Q

membrane that surrounds the large vacuole in a mature plant cell

A

tonoplast

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36
Q

vacuole in animals

A

small but several

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37
Q

vacuole in protists

A

contractile vacuoles

38
Q

vacuole in plants

A

one large central vacuole

39
Q
  • ATP production via cellular respiration (energy extraction process)
  • “powerhouse of the cell”
  • sausage-shaped organelle about the size of a bacterial cell
  • has its own set of circular DNA and may divide by simple fission
A

mitochondrion

40
Q

parts of the mitochondrion

A
  1. outer membrane
  2. intermembrane space
  3. inner membrane folded into crista
  4. matrix
41
Q
  • a double phospholipid membrane that separates the inside of the mitochondria from the rest of the cell
  • helps define the inter-membrane space between itself and the mitochondrial inner membrane
A

mitochondrial outer membrane

42
Q

compartment accommodates many proteinaceous factors that play critical roles in mitochondrial and cellular metabolism, including the regulation of programmed cell death and energy conversion

A

intermembrane space

43
Q
  • functional barrier to the passage of small molecules between the cytosol and the matrix
  • maintains the proton gradient that drives oxidative phosphorylation.
A

inner mitochondrial membrane

44
Q
  • folds in the inner mitochondria membrane
  • folds increase the surface area of the inner membrane where energy production occurs.
A

Cristae

45
Q
  • inner space surrounded by the mitochondrial inner membrane, which contains several proteins, such as enzymes involved in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, fatty acid oxidation, amino acid degradation, and other biochemical reactions
A

mitochondrial matrix

46
Q
  • food production via photosynthesis (energy-storing process)
  • energy-capturing centers in photosynthetic eukaryotes
  • circular DNA; may divide by simple fission
A

chloroplast

47
Q

parts of the chloroplast

A
  1. outer membrane
  2. inner membrane
  3. thylakoid sacs - granum
  4. stroma
48
Q

site of photosynthesis

A

thylakoid

49
Q

stack of thylakoids

A

granum

50
Q

like that of mitochondria, contains porins and is therefore freely permeable to small molecules

A

outer membrane of the chloroplast envelope

51
Q

impermeable to ions and metabolites, which are therefore able to enter chloroplasts only via specific membrane transporters.

A

inner membrane of chloroplast

52
Q

other organelles

A
  • plastids
  • glyoxysomes
53
Q

organelles containing pigments and food materials

A

plastids

54
Q

Three types of plastids based on pigments contained

A
  1. chromoplasts
  2. leucoplasts
  3. chloroplasts
55
Q
  • colored plastids containing carotenoids
  • present in fruits, flowers, and leaves
A

chromoplasts

56
Q

colorless plastids which store food materials

A

leucoplasts

57
Q

different types of leucoplasts

A
  1. amyloplasts
  2. aleuroplasts
  3. elaioplasts
58
Q

store starch

A

amyloplasts

59
Q

store proteins

A

aleuroplasts

60
Q

store lipids

A

elaioplasts

61
Q

carotenoids in chloroplasts

A
  • carotenes
  • xanthophylls
62
Q

green-colored plastids containing chlorophylls and carotenoids (carotenes and xanthophylls)

A

chloroplasts

63
Q
  • microbodies that store and covert fats into carbohydrates
  • used in seed germination
A

glyoxysomes

64
Q

temporary, non-membranous structures in plants

A

ergastic substances

65
Q

ergastic substances inclusions

A
  1. food reserves
  2. secretory products
  3. excretory products
  4. mineral crystals
66
Q

food reserves in plants

A
  • starch
  • protein
  • oil
67
Q

secretory products in plants

A
  • nectar
  • pigment
  • enzymes
68
Q

excretory products in plants

A
  • alkaloids
  • resins
  • latex
  • tannins
69
Q

mineral crystals in plants

A
  • cystoliths
  • raphides
  • druses
70
Q

cystoliths

A

calcium carbonate

71
Q

raphides

A

calcium oxalate

72
Q
  • supports the shape of the cell, anchors organelles, cell movement
  • dense network of protein fibers present in 3 different kinds
A

cytoskeleton

73
Q

Three differen tkinds of cytoskeleton

A
  1. microfilaments
  2. intermediate filaments
  3. microtubules
74
Q
  • structure and support in the cell
  • involved in separating cells during cell division, allowing for motility and changes in cell shape.
  • cell motility
A

microfilaments

75
Q
  • function primarily as flexible intracellular tendons (analogous to nylon rope)
  • prevent excessive stretching of cells that are subjected to external or internal physical forces
  • provide internal guy-wire to resist pulling forces
A

Intermediate filaments

76
Q
  • help support the shape of a cell
  • help chromosomes move during cell division
  • help small structures called cell organelles to move inside the cell.
A

Microtubules

77
Q
  • anchor and assemble microtubules
  • give rise to spindle fibers during cell mitosis
  • found in animals but not in plants and fungi
A

centriole

78
Q
  • cell movement
  • propel substances across a cell’s surface
  • consists of microtubules
  • anchored in the cell by a basal body
  • short but numerous
A

cilium

79
Q

high speed locomotives that run along microtubular tracks in eukaryotic cells

A
  • kinesin
  • dynein
80
Q

motor protein that moves vesicles to the cell’s periphery

A

kinesin

81
Q

motor protein that moves vesicles to the cell’s interior

A

dynein

82
Q

cellular junctions

A
  1. occluding
  2. anchoring
  3. communicating
83
Q

command center of the cell

A

nucleus

84
Q

the nucleus contains the genetic material organized into __

A

chromosomes

85
Q

complex nucleoprotein material

A

chromatin

86
Q

parts of the nucleus

A
  1. nuclear envelope
  2. nuclear pore
  3. nucleoplasm
  4. nucleolus
87
Q

separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm and provides the structural framework of the nucleus.

A

nuclear envelope

88
Q

small channels in the nuclear membrane that facilitate the selective and directional transport of RNA and proteins between the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of the cell

A

nuclear pore

89
Q
  • type of protoplasm that is composed of thick fluid and constitutes chromatin fibres made up of DNA and usually found in the nucleus of the eukaryotic cells
  • fluid contains primarily water, dissolved ions, and a complex mixture of molecules.
A

Nucleoplasm

90
Q
  • spherical structure found in the cell’s nucleus whose primary function is to produce and assemble the cell’s ribosomes
  • where ribosomal RNA genes are transcribed.
A

nucleolus

BIO107 - Cell and Molecular Biology (8 decks)

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