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zzz - BIO107 - Cell and Molecular Biology > Lesson 1 - Introduction > Flashcards

Lesson 1 - Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

basic structural and functional units of life

A

cells

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2
Q

“all organisms are composed of one or more cells.”
“the cell is the structural unit of life”

A
  • Matthias Schleiden
  • Theodor Schwann
    (1838-1839)
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3
Q

“cells can arise only by division from a preexisting cell”

A

Rudolf Virchow (1855)

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4
Q

Living things, though infinitely varied when viewed from the outside, are fundamentally __ inside

A

similar

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5
Q

transfer of characters or traits from the parents to their off springs

A

Heredity

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6
Q

differences between the characters or traits among the individuals of the same species

A

Variation

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7
Q

What do cells carry that define each species

A

hereditary information (DNA)

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8
Q

long, unbranched, double-stranded molecule formed by four types of nucleotides

A

DNA

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9
Q

forms DNA

A

nucleotides

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10
Q

Four types of nucleotides in the DNA

A
  • Adenine
  • Guanine
  • Cytosine
  • Thymine
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11
Q

charge of the DNA

A

negative

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12
Q

forms the nucleotide

A
  • phosphate
  • sugar
  • base
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13
Q

link the nucleotides in each strand

A

covalent bonds

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14
Q

hold the two DNA strands together

A

hydrogen bonds

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15
Q

bond between the phosphate and sugar

A

phosphodiester bond

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16
Q

bond between the sugar and base

A

glycosidic bond

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17
Q

determines the genetic information

A

sequence of bases

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18
Q

two types of bases

A
  1. purine
  2. pyrimidine
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19
Q

purines

A

Adenine
Guanine

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20
Q

pyrimidine

A

Cytosine
Thymine
Uracil

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21
Q

hydrogen bonds between adenine and thymine

A

2

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22
Q

hydrogen bonds between cytosine and guanine

A

3

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23
Q

the first experiment which suggested that bacteria can transfer genetic information through a process called transformation

A

Griffith’s transformation experiment

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24
Q

full name of Griffith

A

Frederick Griffith (1928)

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25
Q

what type of bacteria did Griffith use

A

Diplococcus pneumoniae (Pneumococcus)

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26
Q

Smooth type (S)

A
  • thick polysaccharide capsule
  • smooth mucoid colonies
  • pathogenic/virulent
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27
Q

Rough type (R)

A
  • no capsule
  • rough colonies
  • non-pathogenic/avirulent
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28
Q

Who are the other scientists who had an experiment related to Griffith’s transformation experiment

A
  • M.H. Dawson (1930) and
  • J.L. Alloway (1932)
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29
Q

what did M.H. Dawson (1930) and J.L. Alloway (1932) do

A
  • in vitro transformation
  • mouse was not necessary
  • extract from heat-killed S cells + live R cells -> live S cells
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30
Q
  • purified biochemicals (proteins, DNA, RNA) from the heat killed S cells to see which ones could transform live R. cells into S cells
  • discovered that DNA alone from S bacteria caused the bacteria to become transformed
A

Avery, MacLeod, McCarty

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31
Q

General Properties of Transforming Substance

A
  1. viscous, silky sheen
  2. loses activity in distilled water
  3. activity retained for months in physiological salt solution
  4. withstands heating at 65C for 30-60 minutes
  5. loses activity with increased acid concentration
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32
Q

showed that phages only injected their DNA into host bacteria, and that the DNA served as the replicating genetic element of phages

A

Hershey-Chase Experiment

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33
Q

what phages were used in the Hershey-Chase Experiment

A

T2 phages

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34
Q

the four scientists who codiscovered the double-helix structure of DNA, which formed the basis for modern biotechnolog

A
  • Francis Crick
  • Rosalind Franklin
  • James Watson
  • Maurice Wilkins
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35
Q

“DNA is made of nucleotides”

A

Phoebus Levene

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36
Q

“1 purine : 1 pyrimidine”

A
  • Erwin Chargaff
  • Rollin Hotchkiss
  • Ronald Fisher
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37
Q

suggested that DNA is triple-stranded

A

Linus Pauling

38
Q

provided X-ray diffraction photograph of crystalline DNA

A
  • Rosalind Franklin
  • Maurice Wilkins
39
Q

All cells replicate their DNA by __ __

A

templated polymerization

40
Q

the nucleotide sequence in one strand is __ to the other strand

A

complementary

41
Q
  • It is the segment of double stranded DNA.
  • Runs from 5’ to 3’.
  • has base sequence same as that of mRNA.
  • also known as coding strand.
A

Sense strand

42
Q
  • aka template strand.
  • runs from 3’ to 5’.
  • complimentary to sense strand.
  • in which transcription occurs.
A

Antisense strand

43
Q

how many origin of replication in prokaryote

A

1

44
Q

how many origin of replication in eukaryote

A

multiple

45
Q

DNA fragment corresponding to one protein or RNA

A

Gene

46
Q

dictates the nature of proteins, when and where they are to be made

A

genome

47
Q

gene expression is a __ process

A

regulated

48
Q

specify the transcripts and protein products

A

coding segments

49
Q

serve as punctuations and regulatory sequences that contrl the local rate of transcription

A

non-coding regions

50
Q

Long non-coding RNA length

A

~1000 - 10000 nt long with little to no protein-coding potential

51
Q

are RNA molecules larger than 200 nucleotides

A

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs)

52
Q

LncRNA functions

A
  1. transcriptional activation
  2. transcriptional repression
  3. enchancer RNA
  4. scaffolding protein for chromatin remodeling complexes
  5. regulation of RNA splicing
  6. sequestration of miRNA
53
Q

small, highly conserved non-coding RNA molecules involved in the regulation of gene expression

A

MicroRNAs (miRNA)

54
Q

All cells transcribe portion of their __ into __

A

DNA to RNA

55
Q

form of templated polymerization that faithfully rewrites DNA to RNA

A

transcription

56
Q

serves as the template to produce RNA transcripts

A

noncoding strand

57
Q

transcripts function as __ in the transfer of genetic information

A

intermediates

58
Q

guides the synthesis of proteins

A

messenger RNA (mRNA)

59
Q

process from DNA to protein

A
  1. replication
  2. transcription
  3. protein
60
Q

single stranded polynucleotide closely related to DNA

A

RNA

61
Q

bases of RNA

A
  • adenine
  • guanine
  • cytosine
  • uracil
62
Q

RNA molecules is __ and can fold up into specific shapes

A

flexible

63
Q

what does the shape of RNA enable

A
  • recognize and selectively bind molecules
  • catalyze some chemical changes
64
Q

long, unbranched polymers of amino acids and are the main molecules that put the cell’s genetic information into action

A

proteins

65
Q

what does the amino acid sequence determine

A

function of protein product

66
Q

how many types of amino acids are there

A

20 amino acids

67
Q

gives the protein a distinct chemical property

A

side chain

68
Q

Three binding sites for tRNA

A
  1. aminoacyl site (A site)
  2. peptidyl site (P site)
  3. exit site (E site)
69
Q

all cells use proteins as __

A

catalysts

70
Q

all cells acquire and utilize __

A

energy

71
Q

Different ways living organisms obtain their free energy

A
  1. organotrophic
  2. phototrophic
  3. lithotrophic
72
Q

feed on other living things or the organic chemicals they produce

A

organotrophic

73
Q

harvest sunlight and convert it into chemical forms that can be used by the cells

A

phototrophic

74
Q

capture their energy from energy-rich systems of inorganic chemicals in the environment

A

lithotrophic

75
Q
  • encloses all cells
  • which nutrients and waste materials must pass
A

plasma membrane

76
Q

plasma membrane acts as a __ __

A

selective barrier

77
Q

determine which molecules enter the cell

A

membrane transport proteins

78
Q

those that are both hydrophilic as well as hydrophobic

A

Amphipathic molecules / amphiphilic molecules

79
Q

cells produce molecules whose chemical properties cause them to __ into the structures that a cell needs

A

self-assemble

80
Q

covers cells and interact with substances in the environment in highly specific ways

A

receptors

81
Q

how can cells respond to specific stimuli

A
  1. altering their metabolic activities
  2. move from one place to another
  3. activating death pathways
82
Q

cells are __, under constant regulation

A

robust

83
Q

what do cells use to regulate cellular responses to maintain homeostasis

A

feedback circuits

84
Q

Universal Properties of Cells (1-3)

A
  1. DNA is the genetic information of all cells
  2. DNA is synthesized via templated phosphorylation
  3. Gene is a DNA segment corresponding to one protein or RNA
85
Q

Universal Properties of Cells (4-6)

A
  1. All cells transcribe portions of their DNA into RNA
  2. All cells translate RNA into proteins in the same way
  3. All cells use proteins as catalysts
86
Q

Universal Properties of Cells (7-10)

A
  1. All cells acquire and utilize free energy
  2. All cells function as biochemical factories dealing with the same basic molecular building blocks
  3. All cells are enclosed in a plasma membrane
  4. All cells respond to stimulus and self-regulate
87
Q

new genes are generated from __ __

A

preexisting genes

88
Q

randomly modifies the DNA sequence through various types of error during DNA replication

A

intragenic mutation

89
Q

creates a pair of identical genes within a single cell, which may then diverge in the course of evolution

A

gene duplication

90
Q

occurs when two or more existing genes break and rejoin to make a hybrid gene

A

DNA segment shuffling

91
Q

Different models for DNA replication

A
  1. Conservative model
  2. Semi-conservative model
  3. Dispersive model
92
Q

Proved the semi-conservative model of DNA

A

Meselson-Stahl Experiment

zzz - BIO107 - Cell and Molecular Biology (21 decks)

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