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Molecular Biology > Translation > Flashcards

Translation Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Info encoded in DNA is transferred to ________________ and then decoded by the _______________ to produce proteins

A

mRNA
ribosome

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2
Q

What are the major molecules involved in translation?

A

messenger RNA
transfer RNA
ribosomes
enzymes, other factors, energy sources

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3
Q

mRNA transcript carries a series of codons that interact with the anticodons of ____________________ so that a corresponding series of amino acids is incorporated into a polypeptide chain.

A

aminoacyl-tRNA

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4
Q

What structure provides the environment for controlling he interaction between mRNA and aminoacyl-tRNA and the full range of activities for all translation steps?

A

ribosome

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5
Q

ribosome behaves like a small migrating factory that travels along the mRNA template, engaging in rapid cycles of _______________ to build polypeptide

A

peptide bond cycles

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6
Q

_______________ shoot into the ribosome at an incredibly fast rate to deposit amino acids, and elongation factor proteins cyclically associate with and dissociate from the ribosome.

A

Aminoacyl-tRNAs

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7
Q

adapter molecule that translates genetic information into protein sequence by delivering amino acids to the protein synthesis machinery during translation

A

tRNA

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8
Q

each tRNA is specific to carry what?

A

one of the 20 amino acids

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9
Q

What is the structure of tRNA?

A

cloverleaf shape with 4 stem loops

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10
Q

part of the tRNA where the amino acid is attached

A

acceptor stem

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11
Q

part of the tRNA that contains the anticodon triplet that recognizes the complementary codons on mRNA during protein synthesis

A

anticodon loop

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12
Q

deoxyuridine stem loop

A

d-arm

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13
Q

TYC stem loop

A

t-arm

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14
Q

variable loop

A

v-loop

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15
Q

made up of 2 subunits that lock around the mRNA and travel along the length of the mRNA molecule reading each 3-letter codon

A

ribosomes

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16
Q

serves as a docking station for the tRNA that matches the sequence of bases on the mRNA

A

ribosomes

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17
Q

A site

A

binding site for the first amino acid

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18
Q

P site

A

binding site for the peptidyl tRNA

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19
Q

E site

A

binding site for the uncharged tRNA; exit site

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20
Q

Svedburg units for prokaryotic ribosomes

A

70S
50S - 30S

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21
Q

Svedburg units for eukaryotic ribosomes

A

80S
60S - 40S

22
Q

a slow step that determines the rate at which an mRNA is translated

A

initiation

23
Q

the most rapid step in translation

A

elongation

24
Q

protein synthesis begins the the formation of an __________________

A

initiation complex

25
Q

what are the components involved in the initiation complex in E.coli?

A

30S ribosome
mRNA template
3 initiation factors
special initiator tRNA (tRNAmetf)

26
Q

The 30S subunit binds to the mRNA template at a purine-rich region called the __________________________ upstream of the AUG initiation codon.

A

Shine-Dalgarno sequence (AGGAGG)

27
Q

What codons are recognized by tRNA metf

A

AUG or GUG

28
Q

Summarize initiation for bacteria.

A

The 30S subunit, initiation factors, and initiator fMet-tRNA bind to the mRNA to form the pre-initiation complex, which then recruits the 50S subunit to start translation elongation.

29
Q

How does bacterial elongation start?

A

It starts when the fMet-tRNA enters the P site; this causes a conformational change which opens the A site for the new aminoacyl-tRNA to bind

30
Q

movement of tRNA from A to P to E is induced by ______________ that advance the ribosome by three bases in the 3’ direction

A

conformational changes

31
Q

Where does the energy for each step along the ribosome come from?

A

elongation factors that hydrolyze GTP

32
Q

required for binding of a new aminoacyl-tRNA to the A site and its translocation to the P site after formation of the peptide bond

A

GTP energy

33
Q

What type of bonds form between the amino group of the amino acid attached to the A-site and the carboxyl group of the amino acid attached to the P-site

A

peptide

34
Q

RNA-based enzyme that is integrated into the 50 S subunit and catalyzes the formation of each peptide bond

A

peptidyl transferase

35
Q

What happens after the peptide bond forms?

A

the A-site moves to the P-site and the P-site is empty and moves to the E-site and is expelled from the ribosome

36
Q

What are the nonsense codons that signal termination?

A

UAA
UAG
UGA

37
Q

What codons do the bacterial RF1 recognize?

A

UAA and UAG

38
Q

What codons do the bacterial RF2 recognize?

A

UAA and UGA

39
Q

During termination, the release factors instruct peptidyl transferase to add _____________ to the carboxyl end of the P-site amino acid, causing the amino acid to detach and the new protein released

A

a water molecule

40
Q

What happens first in eukaryotic initiation?

A

the small subunits recognize the 5’cap at the end of the mRNA and then move to the initiation site

41
Q

what sequence in eukaryotes allows for the proteins to bind the small unit and hold the mRNA in place?

A

Kozak sequence (ACCCAUGG)

42
Q

Do prokaryotes or eukaryotes have more initiation factors?

A

eukaryotes

43
Q

associated with 40S subunit and plays a role in keeping the large 60S subunit from prematurely binding

A

eIF3

44
Q

together with met-tRNA, eIF3, eIF1, and eIF1A binds to the 40S to form the 43S preinitiation complex

A

eIF2

45
Q

eIF4A, EIF4B, eIF4E, and eIF4G bind to the 5’ end of the mRNA to form the _____________________________

A

cap-binding complex

46
Q

What does the cap-binding complex do?

A

it associates with 3’ end of mRNA via eIF4G which interacts with PolyA binding protein (PABP)

47
Q

what does the 43S complex do?

A

It binds the initiation factors at the ‘ end of the mRNA and scans for initiation codon

48
Q

Which initiation factor brings Met-tRNAi ti the P-site of the small ribosomal subunit?

A

eIF2

49
Q

What hydrolyzes GTP and signals for the dissociation of several factors from the small subunit leading to association of the large subunit?

A

Met-charged initiator tRNA

50
Q

What two elongation factors does eukaryotic elongation depend on?

A

EF-1 and EF-2

51
Q

During eukaryotic elongation, each amino acid is added to the polypeptide chain in what 3 steps?

A

1) positioning the correct aminoacyl-tRNA
2)forming the peptide bond
3) shifting the mRNA by one codon relative to the ribosome

52
Q

what is different about eukaryotic termination?

A

a universal release factor (eRF1) recognizes all 3 stop codons

Molecular Biology (8 decks)

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