Noncoding RNA and Regulatory RNA Flashcards
refers to mRNA that encodes protein
coding RNA
the RNA molecules but not translated into the protein
Noncoding RNA (ncRNA)
ncRNAs longer than 200 nt
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)and long noncofing RNA (lncRNA)
ncRNAs shorter than nt but longer than 40 nt
transfer RNA (tRNA)
small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA)
small nuclear ribonucleic acid RNA (snRNA)
ncRNA shorter than 40 nt
microRNA (miRNA)
piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA)
small interfering RNA (siRNA)
The rRNA and tRNA which are constitutively expressed and required for normal functions are called ________________
housekeeping/structural nc RNAs
an integrated part of the ribosome, the protein factory of the cell; associates with ribosomal proteins to form ribosomes
rRNA
-function as carriers of amino acids and participate in protein synthesis
-the decoding machinery that reads the triplet genetic code of mRNA
tRNA
the ncRNAs expressed only in response to external stimuli that can affect the expression of other genes
regulatory ncRNAs
The negative charge of RNA can neutralize the positively charged ___________, leading to chromatin decompaction
histone tails
_____________ establish interactions with DNA to alter the chromatin environment
lncRNAs
translation may be controlled by ___________ that interact with mRNA
regulators
coding RNAs generally refers to ____________that encodes protein to act as various components including enzymes, cell structures, and signal transductors
mRNA
some coding mRNA can function without translating to protein via the formation of RNA secondary structure primarily derived from the ________________
UTR
Which ncRNA is involved in epigenetic process?
microRNAs
Describe how miRNAs are involved in epigenetics?
they bind to a specific target (3’UTR) mRNA with a complementary sequence to induce cleavage, or degradation or block translation
____________can function as regulators by base pairing to specific target RNAs and to proteins by several different mechanisms
Small RNA
_________________a small RNA with a single stranded region that can pair with a single-stranded region in a target RNA
regulator RNA
the best known family of regulatory non-coding RNAs
miRNA
miRNAs generated from protein-coding transcriptional units
Canonical
miRNAs generated from nonprotein-coding transcriptional units
Noncanonical
Canonical intronic miRNAs are __________________ and are thus processed cotranscriptonally with protein-coding transcripts in the nucleus
Drosha Dependent
___________________ can derive from small introns that resemble premiRNAs and bypass the Drosha-processing step
Noncanonical small RNAs (mirtrons)
-large RNA primary transcripts
-self-complementary and can automatically fold into a double-strand hairpin structure usually with some imperfect base pairing
pri-miRNA
an RNase III superfamily member endonuclease in the nuclease that reduces the pri-RNA to a 70bp hairpin shaped precursor fragment
Drosha
RNase III family member that processes pre-miRNA to produce a short, double-stranded segment that is 22 bp
Dicer
the complex of a microRNA bound to an Argonaute protein complex that carries out translational control, guided to its mRNA target in the cytoplasm by the associated miRNA
RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex)
What are the two primary mechanisms used to control mRNA expression?
-degradation of the mRNA
-inhibition of translation of the mRNA
miRNAs can bind to the mRNA targets with exact complementarity to induce the __________________
RNAi pathway
-regulate gene expression in germ cells and act to silence transposable elements
-largest class of small noncoding RNAs expressed in animal cells
piRNAS (piwi-interacting RNAs)
RNA typically produced during a virus infection
siRNA (small interfering)
a process of silencing/knocking down the expression of the target gene
RNA interference pathway (RNAi)
What is included in RNAi machinery?
-dsRNA targeting the gene to be silenced
-Dicer
-Argonaute proteins
-RISC
