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Spinal Final > Transition Zones/Myology of the Back > Flashcards

Transition Zones/Myology of the Back Flashcards

1
Q

What is the incidence of lumbar ribs in the population?

A

Over 7% of the population demonstrates lumbar ribs

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2
Q

What is characteristic of lumbarization of S1?

A

The failure of synostosis between S1 and S2, squaring of the vertebral body of S1 and flaring of the sacral ala

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3
Q

What is the incidence of sacralization of L5 in the population?

A

41%-85%

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4
Q

Which segment demonstrates the greatest morphological variation along the spine?

A

L5

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5
Q

What is the incidence of variation within the sacrococcygeal region in the population?

A

Up to 14%

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6
Q

The trapezius is innervated by what nerve?

A

Spinal accessory nerve

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7
Q

What forms the spinal accessory nerve innervating the trapezius?

A

C1-C5 cord levels contribute to the spinal root of the spinal accessory nerve

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8
Q

Which of the muscles of the true back is innervated by the thoracodorsal nerve?

A

Latissimus dorsi

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9
Q

What forms the thoracodorsal nerve innervating the lattisimus dorsi?

A

Ventral rami from C6-C8

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10
Q

Which of the muscles of the true back are innervated by the dorsal scapular nerve?

A

Levator scapulae, rhomboid major, rhomboid minor

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11
Q

What forms the dorsal scapular nerve?

A

The ventral ramus of C5

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12
Q

What muscles lie just beneath the trapezius in the neck?

A

Spenius capitis and splenius cervicis

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13
Q

What does the word “splenius” mean?

A

It is the Greek word for bandage

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14
Q

What is the innervation of the splenius capitis?

A

Dorsal rami of middle cervical spinal nerves (C3-C5 cord levels)

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15
Q

What is the innervation of the splenius cervicis?

A

Dorsal rami of lower cervical spinal nerves (C5-C7 cord levels)

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16
Q

Which muscles are identified as erector spinae or sacrospinalis muscles?

A

Iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis

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17
Q

What is the innervation of the iliocostalis lumborum?

A

Dorsal rami of lower thoracic and all lumbar spinal nerves

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18
Q

Which subdivision of the iliocostalis primarily originates and inserts on ribs?

A

Iliocostalis thoracis

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19
Q

What is the innervation of the iliocostalis thoracis?

A

Dorsal rami of upper 6 thoracic spinal nerves (T1-T6 cord levels)

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20
Q

What is the insertion for the iliocostalis cervicis?

A

Posterior tubercle of transverse process of C(3) C4-C6

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21
Q

What is the innervation of the iliocostalis cervicis?

A

Dorsal rami of T1, T2 spinal nerves, sometimes C8 spinal nerve (C8, T1, T2 cord levels)

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22
Q

Which erector spinae muscle is attached to the accessory process?

A

Longissimus thoracis

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23
Q

What is the innervation of the longissimus thoracis?

A

Dorsal rami of all thoracic & lumbar spinal nerves (cord levels T1-T12, L1-L5)

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24
Q

What is the innervation of the longissimus cervicis?

A

Dorsal rami of C4-C8 and T1-T2 spinal nerves (C4-C8 & T1-T2 cord levels)

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25
Q

What is the innervation of the longissimus capitis?

A

Dorsal rami of C1-C3 or C4 spinal nerves, (C1-C3 or C4 cord levels)

26
Q

Which erector spinae muscles attach to cervical articular processes?

A

Longissimus cervicis & longissimus capitis

27
Q

What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the spinalis thoracis?

A

Spinous processes of T11 & T12-L1 & L2

28
Q

What is the innervation of the spinalis thoracis?

A

Dorsal rami of all thoracic & upper lumbar spinal nerves

29
Q

What is the innervation of the spinalis cervicis?

A

Dorsal rami of all cervical spinal nerves (C1-C8 cord levels)

30
Q

What is the innervation of the spinalis capitis?

A

Dorsal rami of lower cervical & upper thoracic spinal nerves

31
Q

Which muscles are identified as transversospinalis muscles?

A

Semispinalis, multifidis, and rotators

32
Q

How many vertebrae can be attached to a single segment by transversospinalis muscles?

A

As many as nine vertebrae

33
Q

Contraction of semispinalis thoracis will result in what movements?

A

Extension, lateral flexion & rotation of upper thoracic and lower cervical spine, bilaterally they act to extend the thoracic spine

34
Q

What is the innervation of the semispinalis thoracis?

A

Dorsal rami of T1-T6 spinal nerves (cord levels T1-T6)

35
Q

What is the innervation of the semispinalis cervicis?

A

Dorsal rami of C6-C8 spinal nerves (cord levels C6-C8)

36
Q

What is the innervation of the semispinalis capitis?

A

Dorsal rami of C1-C6 spinal nerves (cord levels C1-C6)

37
Q

The semispinalis capitis and spinalis capitis may fuse to form what muscle?

A

Biventer cervicis

38
Q

What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the classic multifidis?

A

Articular process of C4-C7, transverse processes of T1-T12, mammillary processes of L1-L5, and the dorsal surface of S1-S4 or S5

39
Q

Which transversospinalis muscle attaches to articular and mammillary processes along the spine?

A

Multifidis

40
Q

Contraction of the classic multifidis will result in what movements of the vertebral column?

A

Lateral flexion & rotation of the spine, maintains the lumbar lordotic curve, and prevents entrapment of zygapophyseal capsular ligament during movement

41
Q

Which muscles of the spine exhibit a reversal of the expected origin-insertion combination?

A

Iliocostalis lumborum pars lumborum, longissimus thoracis pars lumborum, and multifidis lumborum

42
Q

Rotator muscles are typically identified in what region of the spine?

A

The thoracic region

43
Q

What muscles are included in the suboccipital muscle group?

A

Rectus capitis posterior major, rectus capitis posterior minor, obliquus capitis inferior, and obliquus capitis superior

44
Q

Which suboccipital muscle lacks an attachment to the skull?

A

Obliquus capitis inferior

45
Q

Which nerve will innervate all suboccipital muscles?

A

The dorsal ramus of C1, the suboccipital nerve

46
Q

What is the proposed function of the suboccipital muscle group?

A

Postural stabilizers of the atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial joints

47
Q

Which suboccipital muscles are known to attach to dura mater?

A

Rectus capitis posterior major, rectus capitis posterior minor, and obliquus capitis inferior

48
Q

At what locations will interspinalis be absent along the spine?

A

T3-4 down to T10-T11

49
Q

Based on the density of muscle spindles, what is the proposed function of the interspinalis?

A

Acts as a proprioceptive transducer in conjunction with intertransversarii to coordinate the smooth movement of the spine and to maintain appropriate posture

50
Q

Which muscle group is innervated by both dorsal rami and ventral rami of spinal nerves?

A

Intertransversarii

51
Q

Based on the density of muscle spindles, what is the proposed function of the intertransversarii?

A

Acts as a proprioceptive transducer in conjunction with interspinalis to coordinate the smooth movement of the spine and to maintain appropriate posture

52
Q

What is the origin of the longus colli?

A

Vertebral bodies of C5-C6, T1-T3 & anterior tubercles of transverse processes C3-C5

53
Q

What is the origin of the longus capitis?

A

Anterior tubercles of transverse processes C3-C6

54
Q

What is the origin of the rectus capitis anterior?

A

Lateral mass & costal element of the transverse process of C1

55
Q

What is the insertion of the middle scalene?

A

Between the tubercle and groove for the subclavian artery on the first rib

56
Q

What is the insertion of the posterior scalene?

A

Outer surface of second rib

57
Q

The quadratus lumborum is implicated in the formation of which ligament?

A

The iliolumbar ligament

58
Q

What is the origin of the psoas major?

A

Vertebral bodies T12, L1-L5, S1, and transverse processes of L1-L5

59
Q

What is the origin of psoas minor?

A

Vertebral bodies T12, L1

60
Q

What will innervate the levator costarum brevis?

A

The dorsal rami of T1-T12 spinal nerves

61
Q

What will innervate the levator costarum longus?

A

The dorsal rami of the lower thoracic spinal nerves

Spinal Final (6 decks)

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