The Head Flashcards
What is the appearance of the intersection of the lamdoid and sagittal sutures called?
The lambda
What is the appearance of the intersection of the coronal and sagittal sutures called?
The bregma
What is the diamond shaped remnant of developing membrane bone at the intersection of the frontal bone with both parietal bones?
The anterior fontanelle
What is the diamond shaped remnant of developing membrane bone at the intersection of the occipital bone with both parietal bones?
The posterior fontanelle
What is the glabella?
The elevation of bone over the frontal sinus between the orbits
What is the name given to the outline of the nasal cavity at the front of the skull?
Piriform aperture
What is the name given to the alveolar jugum of the canine tooth in the maxilla?
Canine eminence
What forms a bullet-like chin?
A large mental protuberance
What forms an indented chin?
Well developed bilateral mental tubercles and a slight mental protuberance
What is the tip of the external occipital protuberance called?
The inion
What is the name of the linear elevation lateral to the external occipital protuberance?
Superior nuchal line
What is the appearance of suturing intersections just above the zygomatic arch called?
The pterion
What is the appearance of suture intersections just above the mastoid process called?
The asterion
What points on the skull are used to measure the skull size?
The nasion, vertex, and inion
What is the appearance of the suture intersections over the hard palate called?
The cruciate or cruciform suture
What is the posterior boundary of the anterior cranial fossa?
A line drawn along the lesser wing of the sphenoid, anterior clinoid process, and sphenoidal jugum
What passes through the cribriform plate?
Fila olfactoria of cranial nerve I, the olfactory nerve
An emissary vein leaves the anterior cranial fossa via what opening?
Foramen cecum
What is the posterior boundary of the middle cranial fossa?
Superior border of petrous part of temporal bone, posterior clinoid processes, and dorsum sellae of sphenoid
What are the parts of the sella turcica?
Anterior clinoid processes, sphenoidal jugum, posterior clinoid processes, dorsum sella, and hypophyseal fossa of sphenoid bone
What forms the roof of the sella turcica?
Diaphragma sella
What are the contents of the optic canal?
The optic nerve and ophthalmic artery
What are the contents of the superior orbital fissure?
The ophthalmic veins, the oculomotor nerve, the trochlear nerve, the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve, and the abducent nerve
What is unique about the ophthalmic artery and veins?
Unlike other artery-vein combinations they will not share the same opening; the ophthalmic artery is in the optic canal, ophthalmic veins are in the superior orbital fissure
What are the contents of the foramen rotundum?
The maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve Vb)
What are the contents of the foramen ovale?
The mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (Vc) and the lesser petrosal branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve
What are the contents of the foramen spinosum?
The nervus spinosus from the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve and the middle meningeal artery
What forms the vidian nerve/nerve of the pterygoid canal?
The greater (superficial) petrosal nerve from the facial nerve and the deep petrosal nerve from the carotid sympathetic nerve plexus
What are the contents of the hiatus for lesser petrosal nerve?
The lesser petrosal nerve, a branch of the tympanic plexus from the glossopharyngeal nerve
How will the lesser petrosal nerve typically exit the middle cranial fossa?
The foramen ovale
What forms the roof of the posterior cranial fossa?
The tentorium cerebelli
What part of the cerebrum occupies the posterior cranial fossa?
None; the tentorium cerebelli separates the cerebrum into a space above the posterior cranial fossa
What are the contents of the internal acoustic meatus?
Cranial nerves VII (facial nerve) and VIII (vestibulocochlear/auditory nerve), the nervus intermedius/nerve of Wrisberg/sensory root of VII and the motor root of VII, the vestibular and cochlear roots of VIII and the internal auditory/internal labyrinthine artery and vein
What are the contents of the jugular foramen?
The jugular bulb, the inferior petrosal sinus, the tympanic body/tympanic glomus or jugular body/jugular glomus, cranial nerves IX (glossopharyngeal), X (vagus), and XI (spinal accessory)
What is the name of the venous expansion between the sigmoid dural venous sinus and the internal jugular vein?
The jugular bulb
What is the function of the tympanic body/tympanic glomus?
A chemoreceptive organ which monitors hypoxia, hypercapnia, and increases in the hydrogen ion (concentration?)
What can the five layers of the scalp spell?
Skin, Connective tissue, Aponeurosis, Loose Connective Tissue, Periosteum…SCALP
What are the principal sources of blood to the scalp?
Internal carotid and external carotid artery branches
What location will each branch of the fifth cranial nerve pass into upon exit from the middle cranial fossa?
Ophthalmic nerve-orbit; maxillary nerve-pterygopalatine region; mandibular nerve-infratemporal region
Which divisions of the trigeminal nerve receive sensory information from the scalp?
All 3 divisions; ophthalmic nerve, maxillary nerve, & mandibular nerve
What nerve(s) and cord levels of origin to the cervical plexus supply the scalp?
Greater auricular nerve-C2, C3 ventral rami branches; lesser occipital nerve-C2 (C3) ventral rami branches
Which dorsal ramus nerve branch (name and cord level of origin) supplies the scalp?
Greater occipital nerve-C2, C3 communicating ramus
What nerve(s) provide motor innervation to the scalp?
Facial nerve branches
What type of motor fibers to skeletal muscle are given off by the facial nerve?
Branchial efferent (BE)
What is the embryonic origin of skeletal muscles innervated by the facial nerve?
The skeletal muscle is derived from the branchial arches hence branchial efferent
What is the third layer of the scalp associated with?
The muscular component of the scalp
What muscle(s) are specifically associated with the scalp?
Frontalis and occipitalis bellies of epicranius muscle
The bellies of the epicranius muscle are connected by what structure?
Galea aponeurotica
What is unusual/unique about the muscles of the face?
They do not act as lever muscles; they do not attach to bone at both origin & insertion
Which muscles lack any attachment to bone?
Orbicularis oris, procerus, and risorius
What is the source of innervation for all muscles of facial expression?
Facial nerve branches
What opening(s) are located along the superior wall of the orbit?
Optic canal
What are the contents of the optic canal?
Optic nerve and ophthalmic artery
What is the name given to the medial wall of the orbit?
Lamina papyracea
What opening(s) are located along the lateral wall of the orbit?
Superior orbital fissure
What opening(s) are located along the inferior wall of the orbit?
Inferior orbital fissure
What is contained in the inferior orbital fissure?
Maxillary division of trigeminal nerve
What are the layers of the eyelid?
Skin, orbicularis oculi muscle, tarsal plate/tarsus & palpebral conjunctiva
What are the names given to the modified sebaceous gland in the tarsus of the eyelid?
Tarsal or Meibomian gland
What is the location of a Meibomian gland?
Tarsus of the eyelid
What is the function of the Meibomian gland?
Produces a think, hydrophobic substance that prevents tears from overflowing onto the cheeks along the margin of the eyelid
What is the name of the modified sebaceous gland at the base of the eyelash?
Ciliary gland
Visceral efferent fibers conveyed in the seventh cranial nerve originate from which nucleus?
Superior salivatory nucleus
Preganglionic visceral efferent fibers of cranial nerve VII will exit the pons in what nerve?
Nervus intermedius, nerve of Wrisberg, sensory root of facial nerve
Which immediate branch of the seventh cranial nerve will convey preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers to the lacrimal gland?
Greater petrosal or greater superficial petrosal nerve
What is the continuation of the greater petrosal nerve of the seventh cranial nerve?
Vidian nerve or nerve of the pterygoid canal
What are the names of the ganglion of synapse in the efferent pathway to the lacrimal gland?
Pterygopalatine ganglion, sphenopalatine ganglion, Meckel’s ganglion
Postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers from the pterygopalatine, sphenopalatine, or Meckel’s ganglion will become incorporated in which cranial nerve branch?
Maxillary nerve of the trigeminal
The zygomaticotemporal nerve will convey postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers to the lacrimal gland through a communication with which branch of the fifth cranial nerve?
Ophthalmic nerve
Sympathetic stimulation of the lacrimal gland will result in what events?
Vasoconstriction of blood vessels, limited availability of water to secretory units, more viscous or thicker product formed in glandular lumen
Parasympathetic stimulation of targets in the lacrimal gland will result in what events?
Vasodilation of blood vessels, increased availability of water to secretory units, thinner or more watery product in lumen; constriction of myoepithelial cells leading to release of product from secretory lumen into duct system
