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Spinal Final > Ligaments > Flashcards

Ligaments Flashcards

0
Q

What was ossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament in the lumbar region identified as?

A

Forestier’s Disease

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1
Q

What is the function of the anterior longitudinal ligament?

A

It brakes or limits dorsi-flexion or hyperextension of the vertebral column

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2
Q

What is ossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament in the lumbar region now identified as?

A

Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis or DISH

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3
Q

What is the innermost layer of the posterior longitudinal ligament called?

A

The perivertebral ligament

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4
Q

What is the function of the posterior longitudinal ligament?

A

It brakes or limits flexion of the vertebral column

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5
Q

Where is ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament most commonly identified?

A

The cervical spine with an 80% incidence

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6
Q

What is the clinical sign of posterior longitudinal ligament ossification in the cervical spine?

A

A loss of hand and finger dexterity

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7
Q

What is the clinical sign of posterior longitudinal ligament ossification in the lumbar spine?

A

Faltering gait

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8
Q

What is the gender, age, and ethnic bias associated with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament?

A

It is greater in males over 50 and has a higher incidence in the Japanese

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9
Q

What is the acronym for ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament?

A

OPLL

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10
Q

At one time, ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament was an example of what condition?

A

Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis or DISH

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11
Q

In which region of the spine will the ligamentum flavum be paired?

A

The lumbar spine

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12
Q

What is the name given to the ligamentum flavum based on appearance and histology?

A

It is a yellow elastic ligament

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13
Q

What is now thought to be a major function of the ligamentum flavum?

A

It is an early prime factor in extension of the vertebral column

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14
Q

Where is ossification of the ligamentum flavum most commonly identified?

A

The thoracic spine or thoracolumbar transition zone

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15
Q

What regions of the vertebral column demonstrate the greatest laxity of capsular ligaments?

A

The cervical and lumbar regions

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16
Q

If the zygapophyseal capsular ligament is not significantly involved in restricting motion, what is its function?

A

It is probably involved in proprioceptive feedback to the muscles stabilizing the vertebral couple during movement

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17
Q

What is now thought to be a major function of the interspinalis ligament?

A

It is more likely a proprioceptive transducer for the spinal reflex

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18
Q

What are the names given to the superficial and deep layers of the ligamentum nuchae, respectively?

A

Funicular layer and lamellar layer

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19
Q

What are the attachment sites for the superficial layer of the ligamentum nuchae?

A

The external occipital protuberance, external occipital crest, and spinous tubercle of C7

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20
Q

What is the histological make-up of the human ligamentum nuchae?

A

It is a yellow elastic ligament, but has more collagen fibers than in quadrupeds

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21
Q

What is the primary yellow elastic or elastic ligament of the spine?

A

The ligamentum flavum

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22
Q

What is the classic function of the human ligamentum nuchae?

A

It brakes or limits flexion of the cervical spine

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23
Q

What is the termination level inferiorly for the supraspinous ligament according to current literature?

A

Primarily at L4 (73%); between L4 and L5 (5%)

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24
Q

Where is the supraspinous ligament said to be best developed?

A

In the lumbar spine

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25
Q

What is now thought to be a major function of the supraspinous ligament?

A

It is a proprioceptive transducer for the spinal reflex

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26
Q

What is the status of the cervical intertransverse ligament?

A

It is said to be paired with an anterior and a posterior intertransverse ligament present

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27
Q

What part of the intertransverse ligament in the lumbar spine covers the intervertebral foramen?

A

The ventral slip

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28
Q

What part of the intertransverse ligament in the lumbar spine divides the body wall into an anterior muscular compartment and a posterior muscular compartment?

A

The dorsal slip

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29
Q

What are the attachment sites of the ponticulus posticus?

A

It is attached to the arcuate rim of the posterior arch of C1 and to the superior articular process of the lateral mass of C1

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30
Q

What other name may be used to identify a ponticulus posticus?

A

Kimmerle’s anomaly

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31
Q

What names are given to the opening formed by the ponticulus posticus?

A

Arcuate foramen or retroarticular canal

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32
Q

What amount of flexion-extension is accommodated by the atlanto-occipital joint?

A

About twenty-five degrees

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33
Q

What amount of axial rotation is accommodated by the atlanto-occipital joint?

A

About three to eight degrees one side axial rotation

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34
Q

What amount of lateral bending is accommodated by the atlanto-occipital joint?

A

About five degrees

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35
Q

Which motion is best accommodated by the atlanto-occipital joint?

A

Flexion-extension

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36
Q

What histological feature is present on the anterior surface of the transverse atlantal ligament?

A

Fibrocartilage at the surface of the ligament articulating with C2

37
Q

What is the function of the transverse atlantal ligament?

A

It is the primary stabilizer of the atlanto-axial joint restricting the distance of C2 from the anterior arch of C1

38
Q

What is the ADI?

A

The Atlanto-Dental Interspace, a radiographic distance between the surfaces of the anterior bursa of the median atlanto-axial joint

39
Q

What is the ADI of children compared with that of adults?

A

About 4.5mm in children; a range of 2-3mm or about 2.5mm in adults

40
Q

What ligament forms the medial, posterior boundary of the intervertebral foramen at C1/C2?

A

The posterior atlanto-axial ligament

41
Q

What are the degrees of movement facilitated at the atlanto-axial joint?

A

About 20 degrees flexion-extension, 40 degrees one side axial rotation, and 5 degrees of lateral bending

42
Q

The occiput C1-C2 joint complex accounts for what percent of all cervical axial rotation?

A

About 60%

43
Q

What are the attachment sites for the apical ligament of the dens or apicodental ligament?

A

The anterior margin of the foramen magnum and the tip of the odontoid process of C2

44
Q

What is the embryonic derivative of the apical ligament of the dens or the apicodental ligament?

A

The notochord

45
Q

What ligament attaches to the posterolateral part of the odontoid process of C2 and to surfaces on the medial border of the occipital condyle or as far anterior as the anterolateral margin of the foramen magnum?

A

The alar ligament

46
Q

What is the function of the alar ligament?

A

Together they function to resist axial rotation

47
Q

What are the attachment sites for the superficial layer of the membrana tectoria or tectorial membrane?

A

The posterior part of the inferior epiphyseal rim and vertebral body of C2 to the capsular ligament of the atlanto-occipital joint and cranial dura of the posterior cranial fossa

48
Q

What lies in front of the deep layer of the membrana tectoria or tectorial membrane?

A

The cruciate ligament

49
Q

For the cervical spine below C2, what is the range of motion allowed for each type of joint motion identified?

A

90 degrees flexion-extension, 50 degrees one side lateral bending, and 33 degrees one side axial rotation

50
Q

What are the locations for costovertebral joints on the vertebra?

A

The costocentral joint at the vertebral body and the costotransverse joint at the transverse process

51
Q

Costocentral radiate or stellate ligaments will attach the head of the rib to what structures?

A

Both vertebral bodies of the costocentral joint and the intervertebral disc for ribs 1-9

52
Q

An intra-articular ligament will be identified with which ribs?

A

Ribs 2-9

53
Q

Which vertebrae will have a synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) costotransverse joint?

A

Typically T1-T10

54
Q

At what rib will the superior costotransverse ligament be absent?

A

The first rib

55
Q

What ligaments will attach to the neck of the twelfth rib?

A

The superior costotransverse ligament from T11 and the lumbocostal ligament from L1

56
Q

What unique ligament is present at the twelfth rib?

A

The lumbocostal ligament

57
Q

Which ribs will have an attachment for the inferior costotransverse ligament?

A

Rib 1-rib11

58
Q

At what rib will the inferior costotransverse ligament be absent?

A

The twelfth rib

59
Q

What is the name of the space between the transverse process and the neck of the rib?

A

The costotransverse foramen

60
Q

Which ligament “fills” the costotransverse foramen?

A

The inferior costotransverse ligament

61
Q

At what rib will the lateral costotransverse ligament be absent?

A

The twelfth rib

62
Q

Which vertebral couples of the thoracic spine have the greatest motion?

A

T11/T12 and T12/L1

63
Q

Which range of motion is greatest for lower thoracic vertebral couples?

A

Flexion-extension

64
Q

Which range of motion is least for lower thoracic vertebral couples?

A

One side axial rotation

65
Q

Based on current literature, what common ligaments are absent at the lumbosacral joint?

A

Ligamentum nuchae, interspinous ligament, and supraspinous ligament

66
Q

Which ligaments replace the intertransverse ligament at the lumbosacral joint?

A

The iliolumbar ligament and lumbosacral ligament

67
Q

What are the attachment sites for the lumbosacral ligament?

A

The sacral ala and ventrolateral surface of sacrum attach to the transverse process of L5

68
Q

What muscle is intimately attached to the superior iliolumbar ligament?

A

Quadratus lumborum

69
Q

Which of the current ligaments from the iliolumbar ligament complex represents the iliolumbar ligament of the classical descriptions?

A

The superior iliolumbar ligament

70
Q

Which ligament from the iliolumbar ligament complex represents the lumbosacral ligament of classical descriptions?

A

The inferior iliolumbar ligament

71
Q

What is the joint classification given to each ligament of the iliolumbar ligament complex?

A

Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis

72
Q

Which range of motion is greatest for all lumbar vertebral couples?

A

Flexion-extension

73
Q

Which range of motion is least for L1-L5 vertebral couples?

A

One side axial rotation

74
Q

Which range of motion is least for the L5/S1 vertebral couple?

A

One side lateral bending

75
Q

What ligament represents the continuation of the anterior longitudinal ligament at the sacrococcygeal joint?

A

The anterior sacrococcygeal ligament

76
Q

What ligament represents the continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament at the sacrococcygeal joint?

A

The deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament

77
Q

What ligament represents the homolog of the ligamentum flavum at the sacrococcygeal joint?

A

The superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament

78
Q

What is the homolog of the intertransverse ligament at the sacrococcygeal joint?

A

The lateral sacrococcygeal ligament

79
Q

What is the auricular surface of sacrum composed of?

A

True articular cartilage, a modification of hyaline cartilage

80
Q

What is the auricular surface of the ilium composed of?

A

Articular cartilage, interspersed with fibrocartilage

81
Q

Which gender is biased with greater unevenness of thee auricular surface of the sacroiliac joint?

A

Males

82
Q

What forms the accessory sacroiliac joint?

A

The sacral tuberosity and the iliac sulcus

83
Q

What does ankylosis mean?

A

A condition of fibrous adhesion occurs within the joint

84
Q

What is the age and gender bias associated with ankylosis of the sacroiliac joint?

A

Age 50 and male bias particularly in African American males

85
Q

What is the age and gender bias associated with ossification of the anterior sacroiliac ligament?

A

Age 40 and male bias

86
Q

Which is the strongest of the sacroiliac ligaments?

A

The interosseous sacroiliac ligament

87
Q

What passes between the layers of the interosseous sacroiliac ligament?

A

Dorsal rami from the sacral spinal nerves

88
Q

What is formed by the continuation of the sacrotuberous ligament along the ischial ramus?

A

The falciform process

89
Q

What separates the greater sciatic and lesser sciatic foramina?

A

The sacrospinous ligament

90
Q

What is the function of the sacroischial ligaments?

A

They oppose the upward tilt of the sacral apex and resist the rotation of sacrum between the innominate bones

Spinal Final (6 decks)

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