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CHEM PAPER 1 > TRANSITION ELEMENTS > Flashcards

TRANSITION ELEMENTS Flashcards

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1
Q

WHAT IS THE ORDER OF SUB SHELLS IN INCREASING ENERGY

A

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 4d

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2
Q

What is a transition element

A

a d block element that can form at least one stable ion with a partially filled d subshell

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3
Q

Which period 4 metals are not transition elements

A

scandium and zinc as they don’t form a stable ion

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4
Q

Which 2 transition metals form a 4s1 shell

A

Copper and Chromium

as an electron in the 4s sub shell will jump to form a half filled or fully filled 3d shell that is more stable

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5
Q

Why is scandium not a transition element

A

as its only stable ion (Sc3+) has an empty d subshell, which is not partially filled

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6
Q

Why is Zinc not a transition element

A

As it has one stable ion (Zn2+) which has a fully filled d subshell, which is not partially filled

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7
Q

3 properties of transition metals

A

variable oxidation states - as electrons sit in 4s and 3d sub shells

form coloured ions in solution

good catalysts

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8
Q

Vanadium ions and their colours

A

V2+ - violet
V3+ - green
VO2+ - blue
VO3+ - yellow

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9
Q

Chromium ions and their colours

A

Cr3+ - green/violet
Cr2O72- - orange

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10
Q

Manganese ions and their colours

A

Mn2+ - pale pink
MnO42- - green
MnO4- - purple

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11
Q

Iron ions and their colours

A

Fe2+ - pale green
Fe3+ - yellow

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12
Q

Cobalt ions and their colours

A

Co2+ - pink

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13
Q

Nickel ions and their colours

A

Ni2+ - green

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14
Q

Copper ions and their colours

A

Cu2+ - blue

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15
Q

Titanium ions and their colours

A

Ti2+ - violet
Ti3+ - purple

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16
Q

How are transition metals good catalysts

A

they can receive and lose electrons in the d - orbital to speed up reactions

they allow substances to aDsorb to their surfaces which lowers the activation energy of a reaction

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17
Q

Risks of transition elements as catalysts

A

Long term exposure of copper can cause liver damage

long term exposure to manganese can cause physical tremors

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18
Q

Cu2+ with OH- or NH3

and addition of OH- to precipitate

Addition of NH3 to precipitate

A

pale blue precipitate
Cu(OH)2(H2O)4

insoluble in excess NaOH so no change

Dark blue solution( part ligand substitution)
[Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+

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19
Q

Fe2+ with OH- or NH3

and addition of OH- to precipitate

Addition of NH3 to precipitate

A

Dirty green precipitate
Fe(OH)2(H2O)4

insoluble in excess NaOH so no change

insoluble in excess NH3 so no change

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20
Q

Fe3+ with OH- or NH3

and addition of OH- to precipitate

Addition of NH3 to precipitate

A

Orange - brown precipitate
Fe(OH)3(H2O)3

insoluble in excess NaOH so no change

insoluble in excess NH3 so no change

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21
Q

Mn2+ with OH- or NH3

and addition of OH- to precipitate

Addition of NH3 to precipitate

A

Pink precipitate
Mn(OH)2(H2O)4

insoluble in excess NaOH so no change

insoluble in excess NH3 so no change

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22
Q

Cr3+ with OH- or NH3

and addition of OH- to precipitate

Addition of NH3 to precipitate

A

Green-grey precipitate
Cr(OH)3(H2O)3

Dark green solution
Cr(OH)63-

Purple solution(full ligand substitution)

[Cr(NH3)6]3+

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23
Q

What is the structure of a metal complex

A

A central transition metal ion is surrounded by ligands bonded by dative covalent bonds

this is because the ligands have at least one lone pair so both electrons in the bond come from the ligand

24
Q

What is a ligand and the three types

A

an ion, atom or molecule with at least one lone pair of electrons

monodentate, bidentate and polydentate

25
Q

the 4 monodentate ligands

A

H2O 6

NH3 6

CN- 6

Cl- 4

26
Q

The two bidentate ligands

A

ethanedioate

ethane-1,2-diamine

27
Q

What is the coordination number

A

the number of coordinate bond in a complex

28
Q

bond angles in an octahedral complex

A

90 degrees

29
Q

Shape and bond angle of cisplatin

A

square planar and 90 degrees

30
Q

Structure of cisplatin

A

an anti cancer drug

square planar complex with platinum metal ion, 2 ammonia ligands and 2 chloride ion ligands

31
Q

How does cis platin cause death of cancer cells

A

the chloride ligands will be easily displaced from cis platin, and the cis platin molecule will bind to the nitrogen atoms on the DNA in the cancer cell

as the complex is attached to the DNA it prevents the cell from reproducing by cell division so the cell will die

32
Q

What is a disadvantage of cis platin

A

it can also prevent healthy cell replication which will increase the risk of infection and kidney damage

33
Q

What factors will change the colour of a complex ion

A

change of oxidation state

change in coordination number

change in ligand

34
Q

Structure of haemoglobin

A

Octahedral complex, 4 nitrogen are from the multidentate ligand haem, one nitrogen on the bottom is from a globin protein, and an oxygen or water molecule that is co-ordinately bonded at the top

35
Q

Why is carbon monoxide poisonous

A

If carbon monoxide is inhaled the water ligand on haemoglobin is replaced with a CO ligand

this forms a very strong co ordinate bond so its not readily replaced by oxygen or water

therefore less oxygen can be transported and leads to oxygen starvation in organs

36
Q

Colour change with addition of NaOH to Cu2+

A

pale blue precipitate

37
Q

Colour change with addition of NaOH to Fe2+

A

green precipitate

38
Q

Colour change with addition of NaOH to Fe3+

A

orange precipitate

39
Q

Colour change with addition of NaOH to Mn2+

A

pale brown precipitate

40
Q

Colour change with addition of NaOH to Cr3+

A

dirty green precipitate

41
Q

Why is nitric acid added before silver nitrate when testing for halides

A

to react with any other anions other than the halides

to prevent a false result

42
Q

[Cu(H2O)6]2+ Colour

A

blue solution

43
Q

[Cu(OH)2(H2O)4] colour

A

blue precipitate

44
Q

[Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+ colour

A

deep blue solution

45
Q

[CuCl4]2- colour

A

yellow solution

46
Q

[Fe(H2O)6]2+ colour

A

pale green solution

47
Q

[Fe(OH)2(H2O)4] colour

A

dark green solution

48
Q

[Fe(H2O)6]3+ colour

A

yellow solution

49
Q

[Fe(OH)3(H2O)3] colour

A

orange-brown precipitate

50
Q

[Mn(H2O)6]2+ colour

A

very pale pink

51
Q

[Mn(OH)2(H2O)4] colour

A

light brown precipitate

52
Q

[Cr(H2O)6]3+ colour

A

violet solution

53
Q

[Cr(OH)3(H2O)3] colour

A

grey green precipitate

54
Q

[Cr(OH)6]3- colour

A

dark green solution

55
Q

[Cr(NH3)6]3+ colour

A

purple solution

CHEM PAPER 1 (15 decks)

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