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Genetics Lecture > Transfer and Ribosomal RNAs (G) DUMB B > Flashcards

Transfer and Ribosomal RNAs (G) DUMB B Flashcards

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1
Q

What are transfer RNAs and ribosomal RNAs encoded by?

A

Genes

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2
Q

What are tRNAs and rRNAs trasncribed as?

A

Single-stranded RNAs

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3
Q

Are tRNAs and rRNAs linear molecules?

A

No
Instead, a considerable amount of base pairing occurs within the RNA strand

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4
Q

What does base pairing within the RNA strand allow tRNAs and rRNAs to do?

A

It allows them to fold into specific conformations that are required for their function

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5
Q

What is the typical length of tRNAs?

A

70-90 nucleotides in length

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6
Q

How many different tRNAs are there?

A

At least 20

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7
Q

What is each tRNA encoded by?

A

Its own gene

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8
Q

What does tRNA contain a high propoteion of?

A

It contains a high proportion of nucleotides that have nonstandard bases found only in tRNAs

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9
Q

How are nonstandard bases made?

A

By bse modification after transcription is completed

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10
Q

How many regions on tRNA are important for its function in translation?

A

Two regions

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11
Q

What is the anticodon sequence on tRNA?

A

It is a region important for translation
It is complementary to a particular codon and can pair with that codon

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12
Q

What is the importance of the 3’ end of a tRNA?

A

It is the second important region for translation
It can be covalently linked to an amino acid

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13
Q

What are tRNAs with the same anticodon linked to?

A

They are always linked to the same amino acid specified by the codon that is complementary to the anti codon

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14
Q

What is a tRNA linked to an amino acid called?

A

An aminoacyl-tRNA

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15
Q

What enzyme creates a covalent link between a tRNA and the appropriate amino acid?

A

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

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16
Q

How many aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are there?

A

There are 20, one for each amino acid

17
Q

Each aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase has a specific name. If the amino acid leucine is attached to a tRNA, what is the enzyme called?

A

Leucyl-tRNA synthetase

18
Q

What is the process of charging?

A

A process by which an amino acid is attached to a tRNA

19
Q

What does a charged tRNA contain?

A

It contains an amino acid

20
Q

What is a tRNA without an attached amino acid called?

A

An uncharged or empty tRNA

21
Q

What is the ratio of tRNAs and codons? What does that mean?

A

There are far fewer tRNAs than codons
This means that some tRNAs can pair with more than one codon

22
Q

ughghhghihi wobble stuff

A
23
Q

What are rRNAs a major component of?

A

Ribosomes

24
Q

What does a ribosome do with mRNA and aminoacyl-tRNAs?

A

It brings both of them together and catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids

25
Q

What is a ribosome made up of?

A

Both proteins and rRNAs/

26
Q

How many polypeptides are in each ribosome?

A

Over 50 polypeptides called ribosomal proteins and 3-4 different rRNA molecules

27
Q

What is each ribosome made out of?

A

Two parts that interact with one another to carry out translation
One large subunit
One small subunit

28
Q

What unit of measurement is used for ribosome size?

A

Svedberg (S) units

29
Q

How big are bacterial ribosomes?

A

70S
Small subunit = 30S
Large subunit = 50S

30
Q

How big are eukaryotic ribosomes?

A

80S
Small subunit = 40S
Large subunit = 60S

31
Q

Are Svedberg units additive?

A

No, because it is not a measure of mass

32
Q

How many sites on ribosomes are capable of attaching to tRNA?

A

Three

33
Q

What are the three ribosomal sites capable of attaching to tRNA?

A

E site (Exit)
P site (peptidyl)
A site (aminoacyl)

34
Q

Where are the E, P, and A sites located? What does that mean?

A

They are located near one another on the ribosome
This means that tRNAs attached to these sites are close to one another

35
Q

Which ribosomal subunit has the ability to attach to mRNA?

A

The small subunit

36
Q

How is the mRNA positioned for the small subunit?

A

It is positioned so that the codons are located near the E, P, and A sites for tRNA

Genetics Lecture (17 decks)

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