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CELL BIOLOGY > TRANSCRIPTION CONTROL 1 > Flashcards

TRANSCRIPTION CONTROL 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the differences btw RNA and DNA?

A

RNA is small and single stranded, DNA is large and double stranded

RNA sugar is ribose, DNA is deoxyribose

RNA can have extensive secondary structures with functional significance

RNA base pair is A - U, DNA is A - T

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2
Q

What is the function of RNA?

A

Transmit info from DNA to proteins

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3
Q

What is the function of mRNA?

A

Carries genetic info

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4
Q

What is the function of tRNA and rRNA?

A

Both are involved in the translation of mRNA msg into proteins

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5
Q

What is the function of minor RNA?

A

Controls gene expression and RNA processing

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6
Q

Function of Small nuclear RNA (snRNA)?

A

mRNA processing

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7
Q

Function of small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA)?

A

Modifies rRNA and tRNA, edits mRNA and genomic imprinting

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8
Q

Function of microRNA (miRNA)?

A

Regulates genes

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9
Q

Small interfering RNA (siRNA)?

A

Produced in nature by processing of exogenous RNA i.e from viruses

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10
Q

What are the different parts of a tRNA and their functions?

A

Acceptor stem: associates with amino acis

Anticodon loop: Reads the mRNA codon and translates intothe amino acid in a complimentary antisense fashion i.e, if mRNA condon is AUC, it would read UAG

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11
Q

What is rRNA and its function?

A

It makes up the ribosome, a structure where proteins are made.

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12
Q

Polycistronic means what and is perculiar to what?

A

It means one mRNA with multiple genes and is perculiar to prokaryotes

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13
Q

Monocistonic means what and is perculiar to what?

A

Means one mRNA with one gene, perculair to eukaryotes

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14
Q

What are the diff btw mRNA of eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes compartmentalize transcription (in the nucleus) and translation (in cytoplasm); prokaryotes do all of these functions in their general intracellular space

Eukaryotes have protected mRNA (5’ cap and poly A tail) prokaryotes have naked ends

Eukaryotes have extensive processing of their mRNA

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15
Q

How do eukaryotes achieve multiple proteins from one RNA carrying one gene

A

Via alternative splicing.

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16
Q

What is the distrubution of prokaryotes small and large ribosomal subunits?

A

Small=16S

Large=23S and 5S

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17
Q

What is the distribution of eukaryotes ribosomal subunit?

A

Samll=18S

Large = 28S, 5.8S and 5S

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18
Q

What is the major enzyme (and its name) used by prokaryotes in transcription?

A

RNA polymerase and its name is Primase

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19
Q

The process in which RNA is made from DNA is called what?

A

RNA transcription

20
Q

Where does transcription begin?

A

Near the promoter

21
Q

What does the promoter do?

A

Brings RNA polymerase and assoc factors to the start side of transcription to start the process

22
Q

Eukaryotes have how many RNA polymerases?

A

3

23
Q

What does RNA pol I synthesize?

A

rRNA except 5S

24
Q

What does RNA pol II syn?

A

mRNA, most snRNA, miRNA, some snoRNA

25
Q

What does RNA pol III syn?

A

tRNA, 5S RNA, U6 snRNA, some snoRNA

26
Q

Mitochondria RNA pol?

A

Similar to that of a bacteria and also has a primase

27
Q

How does alpha-amanitin in mushrooms work why is it dangerous?

A

It binds RNA pol II; this will shutdown mRNA which means no gene expression and cell dies.

28
Q

TATA box is also called what and is used for what?

A

Pribnow box, DNA opens it up for polymerase to begin transcribing RNA.

29
Q

Where is the first site of association of the holoenzxyme (the complete polymerase)?

A

Up stream where you have the other element which is close to the TATA box

30
Q

In the absence of lactose what happens?

A

Gene is turned off; no lactose to bind repressor and inhibit it, so it binds the operator preventing RNA pol from binding promoter and making lactase

31
Q

In the presence of lactose, what happens?

A

Gene is turned on; lactose binds repressor inhibiting if from binding the operator, RNA pol is able to bind the promoter and express gene.

32
Q

Pribnow box in prokaryotes is analogous to what in eukaryotes?

A

Hogness (TATA) box

33
Q

Upstream element of prokaryotes is analogous to what in eukaryotes?

A

CAAT box

34
Q

What does the basal promoter of eukaryotes bind during transcription?

A

It binds RNA pol and general transcription factors

35
Q

The activity of the promoter is controlled by what? Give an example

A

Controlled by response elements, e.g. Enhancers

36
Q

What do enhancers do?

A

They bind transcriptional co-activators to incr transcription

37
Q

How do silencers help control transcription?

A

By binding transcriptional repressors to inhibit transcription

38
Q

What determines the amt of transcription/gene expression?

A

Sequence elements and factors

39
Q

What other methods can be used to control transcription?

A

Histone acetylases (HATs) and deacetylases (HDACs)

40
Q

RNA template is made from DNA template strand in what direction?

A

5” - 3’ from

DNA temp that reads 3’ - 5’

41
Q

What is the diff btw coding, template and RNA strands?

A

Coding strand: is the original DNA seq

Template strand: is the direct transcription of the coding strand seq but in antisense seq

RNA strand: is the almost exact seq of the coding strand, goes in the same direction with all Ts substitued for Us

42
Q

Summarize transcription

A

Initiation: recognition of promoter (enhancer/silencer) seq by RNA pol and transcriptional factors

Elongation:selection of complementary ribonucleotide to DNA temp seq, formation of phosphodiester bonds btw them and the growing strand

Termination: Dissoc. of RNA pol from DNA temp and new RNA

43
Q

Termination in prokaryotes can be one of two things which are?

A

Either rho dependent or rho independent.

44
Q

Termination in eukaryotes can occur via two methods

A
  1. Termination seq disassemble elongation complex or assembles a termination complex
  2. An exonuclease cleaves the excess RNA and the elongation complex comes off once reached by nuclease.
45
Q

How does rifamycin (rifampin) antibiotic work?

A

By inhibiting bacteria RNA pol which blocks RNA syn

46
Q

Why is rifamycin ineffective in fungi?

A

Fungi are eukaryotic, they have a membran bound nucleus which makes it impossible for antibiotic to cross the membrane.

47
Q

Btw rifampin and dactinomycin, which is effective in a eukaryote?

A

Dactinomycin because it binds DNA, inhibits the movement of RNA pol along template DNA

CELL BIOLOGY (7 decks)

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