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CELL BIOLOGY > CELL SIGNALING > Flashcards

CELL SIGNALING Flashcards

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1
Q

What is signal transduction?

A

The transmission of signal from the plasma membrane to the inside of the cell

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2
Q

True/False: signal molecule binding identical receptors can produce different responses in diff cells.

Why/why not?

A

True

Because their receptors connect to different internal pathways.

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3
Q

What are the five models of signaling?

A 
Endocrine
Paracrine
Synaptic signaling
Autocrine
Cell-contact mode
Nerve mode
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4
Q

Endocrine signaling?

A

Acts on a distant target via hormones throigh the blood stream

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5
Q

Transmits signals within self. A type of signaling utilized in development

A

Autocrine

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6
Q

Cancer cells use this method of signaling.

A

Autocrine

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7
Q

What is the shortest mode of signaling? How does it occur?

A

Contact dependent signaling.

Ligand binds the surface influences target cells’ with receptors

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8
Q

Paracrine signaling? Example?

A

Ligands affect cells in the immediate environment. Utilizes local mediators

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9
Q

What type of signaling invol signal conc gradient?

A

Paracine signaling

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10
Q

What signaling is the transport of electric signals along axons and release of signaling molecule at synapses?

A

Synaptic (Nerve Mode) Signaling.

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11
Q

What is an example of a contact dependent signaling?

A

Immune and antigen presenting cells.

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12
Q

What are the major classes of cell surface receptors?

A

Ion-channel-linked receptors

G-protein linked receptors

Enzyme-linked receptors

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13
Q

Could be transmitter ligand-gated or ionotropic and can function in synaptic signaling

A

Ion-Channel Liked receptors

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14
Q

Regulates enzymes or ion channels via trimeric GTP binding proteins

A

G-protein linked receptors

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15
Q

Single pass transmembrane protein, ligand binding site outside the cell and a catalytic site inside
functions as enzyme or are assoc. with enzymes that they activate

A

Enzyme-linked receptors

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16
Q

First Messengers

A

Molecules that signal btw cells,
Are secreted via exocytosis
released via diffusion throug plasma membrane
Binds signaling cell’s surface

17
Q

Second messengers

A

Small diffusible molecules engaged in intracellular signaling

18
Q

Examples of second messenger molecules

A

cAMP, cGMP, Diacylglycerol(DAG), Calcium ions

19
Q

What is the difference btw 1st and 2nd messengers?

A

1st messengers bind signaling cell’s surface, are released out through plasma membrane

2nd messengers are small molecules and engaged in intracellular signaling. They are utilized in rapid, amplified general responses

20
Q

Relay proteins

A

Pass the message to the next signaling component

21
Q

Messanger Protein

A

Carry signal from one part of the cell to another

22
Q

Adaptor Proteins

A

Link one signaling protein to another

23
Q

Amplifier proteins (enzyme, Ions)

A

Incr the signal by producing many intracellular mediators or acrivating many downstream intracellular signal proteins.

24
Q

Transducer proteins

A

Convert the signal into a different form;

25
Q

Am enzyme that makes cAMP and converts the signal and amplifies it

A

A transducer and an amplifier

26
Q

Integrator proteins

A

Receives signal from two or more signaling pathways and integrate them before relaying a signal onward

27
Q

Latent gene regulatory protein

A

Activated at the cell surface receptors, migrates to the nucleus to stimulate gene transcription

28
Q

Scaffold proteins

A

Organize groups of interacting intracellular signaling proteins into signaling complexes

29
Q

What is a molecular switch

A

These are molecules that are switched from inactive to active upon signaling

30
Q

Name the two categories of molecular switches

A

Phosphorylation/Dephosphorylation via kinase/phosphatase

Small GTP-binding proteins

31
Q

What are the most common types of prottein kinases

A

serin/threonine kinases

32
Q

Name other modes of switches aside from phosphorylation/dephosphorylat or G-protein pathways

A

cAMP, Ca2+ and Ubiquitylation

33
Q

what is the most common switch mechanism

A

Phosphorylation/dephosphorylation

34
Q

True/False

Tyrosine phosphatase removes phosphate groups from selected phosphotyrosines

A

True

35
Q

Why is phosphorylation/dephosphorylation more universal?

A

Because Tyr, Ser, Thr residues are in all proteins

36
Q

Nuclear receptors are

A

Steroids, retinoids, and thyroid hormones

37
Q

Which receptors when activated bind DNA to regulate gene transcription?

A

Nuclear receptors

CELL BIOLOGY (7 decks)

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