Transcription and translation Flashcards
done
Which cellular molec. are the units of inheritance
DNA
A gene discribes a bunch of different _____ of how genetic information can be expressed
possibilities
a gene is not a definite thing
cells with nucleus contain ______
genetic codes
Name two gene expression controllers
- organization and specialization of our cells
2. constant changes that must take place within each cell
______________ of our cells to develop into tissues, organs and systems with specific characteristics is a gene expression controler
organization and specialization
____________ that must take place within each cell to adapt to our NRG needs and resources is a gene expression controller
constant changes
The strands of double helix are composed of alternating _______ & ____ molec
phosphate & deoxyribose molecules
The nitrogen bases are attached to the strands help together by ______
hydrogen bonds
Name the two purine nitrogen bases
adenine & guanine
Name the two pyrimidine nitrogen bases
thymine & cytosine
Adenine (purine) binds to ____
thymine (pyrimindine)
Guanine (purine) binds to ___
cytosine (pyrimidine)
_______ is the enzyme that unwinds the genes
helicase
A ________ is the basic unit of DNA packaging, consisting of a segment of DNA wound in sequence around eight histone protein cores.
nucleosomes
________: nucleotide base pair sequences are the encoding units of heritable traits
gene
_______ is the enzyme that exposes nucleosomes
helicase
_________ binds to a promotor sequence along with combinations of specific transcription factors (initiation)
RNA Polymerase
RNA polymerase binds to a promotor sequence along with combination of specific _______
transcription factors
Name of transcription initiating RNA polymerass
TATA
def; __________: copying of DNA into mRNA in gene expression
transcription
def: ______: a protein that binds to speficic DNA sequences, thereby controlling the flow of genetic info from DNA to RNA
transcription factor
The combination of ______ affect the exression of our genes
transcription factors
The combination of _____ activity in development determines how the zygote divides and differentiate into specialized cell types
transcription factors
after “initiation” there is _____
elongation
After initation, transcription procedds along different stretches of DNA to make _____
mRNA
________ is the act of transcription making mRNA
elongation
mRNA adds at the ___’ end of the growing RNA chain
3’
Step 4: _______: RNA polymerase ceases activity, dissociates from the DNA. 1 mRNA strand is produced, and complimentary DNA strands re-associate
termination
The end produce after termination is :
1 mRNA strand is produced
Complimentary DNA stands re-associate
_____: is a specific type of ribonucleic acid
mRNA
Name three ways that RNA differs from DNA
- single strand
- pyrimidine Uracil is substituted for thymine
- One more hydroxyl group (OH) on C2
Where is the the additional OH group on RNA ?
C2
Does RNA or DNA have an additional OH group?
RNA (on C2)
Name the 4 types of RNA
mRNA
tRNA
rRNA
microRNA/siRNA
RNA made from transcription
mRNA
______ binds to mRNA codons and carry aa
tRNA
tRNA binds to mRNA ____ and carry aa
codons
_______ comprise over half of a ribosome, provide a site for translation
rRNA
______ are mini strands of mRNA that swim their way btw mRNA strands and ribosomes to prevent translation
microRNA /siRNA
used as a regulatr to sabatage translation
The nuclear mRNA created from transcription is called __
pre-mRNA
still needs modification
Name of the part of DNA that can be coded
exon
Name of the part of a pre-mRNA that can not be coded
intron
What is the difference btw pre-mRNA and mRNA
introns
Enzyme complexes called _____cleave out portions of mRNA that will not be translated to protein
spliceosomes
The fxn of spliceosomes
the cleave out introns from pre-mRNA
The final mRNA is taken to the cytoplasm to be translated through a process called ____
translocation
what allows for different splice varients to be created from the same DNA sequence
splicing off specific introns and exons
The poly(a) tail is at what end ?
3’
Five prime cap is at what end ?
5’
fxn of five prime cap & poly(a) tail
- translocation
- mRNA stability
- protection for nuclease in the cell
- the initiation of translation
For protein translation the mRNA meets tRNA at the ____
Ribosome
mostly rRNA
Where does protein translation take place?
cytoplasm
- near ER
trinucleotide sequences on tRNA are called ___
anti-codon
trinucleotide sequences on a mRNA are called?
codon
mRNA begins translation at ____codon
AUG
translation is done __’ to ____’
5 to 3
codon and anticodons have _____bonds
phosphate
final product after translation?
protein
the ______ aa will always stay connected to the tRNA
newest aa
each new aa is added to the _________
tRNA
After translation is completed and proteins are folled, they are further processed in ___ & ____
ER and golgi aparatus
protein conformation and fxn are constantly being modified by _______
phosphorylation state
_____ is the codon where protein begins
ATG
CCA = where it ends
What are the molec. that carry out the function of information within the cells
ribosomes
What is the central dogma?
DNA –> RNA –> Protein
