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T2 - Cell Physio Midterm 1 > Ch 2&3: the cell and its Fxn > Flashcards

Ch 2&3: the cell and its Fxn Flashcards

up to slide 28

1
Q

____ is an amphipathic bilayer made mostly of phospholipids

A

Plasma membrane

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2
Q

_____ separates the intercellular (protoplasm) from the extracellular enviro

A

Plasma membrane

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3
Q

_____: the membrane bound organelle that contains genetic material

A

nucleus

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4
Q

_____: jelly like substance that contains the organelles

A

cytoplasm

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5
Q

_____ makes up most of the cell in the protoplasm

A

water

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6
Q

_____ makes up part of the cytoplasm

A

protein

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7
Q

____ & ___ have a protein structure and make up the cytoskeleton

A

microtubules & microfilaments

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8
Q

Phospholipids dont like ___

A

water

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9
Q

___ creates kinks in the cell membrane and help to make the membrane more fluid

A

cholesterol

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10
Q

___ (neuro) cells are rich in cholesterol

A

schwann cells

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11
Q

What is the difference between protoplasm and cytoplasm

A

Protoplasm is the whole content of a cell enclosed within the cell membrane, including both the cytoplasm and nucleus.

Cytoplasm is the content of the cell except the nucleus.

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12
Q

_____ allows selective communication btw intracellular and extracellular compartments of the cell

A

plasma membrane

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13
Q

name 3 functions of the plasma membrane

A
  1. allows selective communication btw intracellular and extracellular compartments
  2. aids cellular movement
  3. Gives cells its form
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14
Q

Another name for hydrophobic

A

nonpolar

a non polar bear

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15
Q

are Fatty acids chains polar or nonpolar?

A

nonpolar (hydrophobic)

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16
Q

_____: is a sphere of phospholipids where the heads come together and the tails touch

A

micelle

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17
Q

________: is when the micelle becomes to large. Fatty acids spread out

A

bilayer sheet

what cell membranes are

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18
Q

______: are created by drug companies. They hold drugs in the center to look like a micelle. This enables the drug to move through nonpolar environments

A

liposome

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19
Q

_____ membrane proteins are intercellular and extracellular

A

integral

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20
Q

______ membrane proteins protrude bilayers

A

integral

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21
Q

____membrane proteins provide channels/pores

A

integral membrane proteins

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22
Q

____ membrane proteins act as carrier proteins in active transport

A

integral membrane protein

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23
Q

_____ membrane proteins act as receptors

A

integral

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24
Q

5 properties of integral membrane proteins

A
  1. protrde bilayer
  2. provide channels/ pores
  3. carrier protein in active transport
  4. enzymes
  5. receptors
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25
Q

_____ membrane proteins only attach to one layer of the cell

A

peripheral

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26
Q

____ membrane proteins can attach to integral proteins

A

peripheral

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27
Q

membrane carbs join with _____ or ____

A

proteins or lipids

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28
Q

the _____ portion of glycoproteins and glycolipids protrudes above the outer layer of the membrane

A

glyco

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29
Q

___ : refers to the loose CHO coating on the outer surface of the cell membrane

A

glycocalyx

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30
Q

4 fxn of glycocalyx’

A
  1. the glycocalyx of one cell can attach to the glycocalyx to bind the cells together
  2. the CHOs act as receptors substances for binding hormones
  3. gives the surface a negative charge –> repeling neg. molecules
  4. assist in immune rxn
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31
Q

Neatly all membrane proteins are ___

A

glycocalyx

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32
Q

glycocalyx gives the membrane a _____ charge

A

negative

33
Q

cholesterol dissolves in hydro__ region

A

hydrophobic tail region

34
Q

____ provide membrane fluidity

A

cholesterol

35
Q

cholesteral can be found in ____ cells in the peripheral NS

A

schwann cells

36
Q

the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane illistrates that the cell membrane is:
a)
b)

A

a) components of the bilayer arent stuck

b) membrane make of diverse molecular components

37
Q

_____: is the messaging from cell membrane to the nucleus

A

intracellular signalling

38
Q

Long-term cellular changes require expression of ______

A

new genes in the nucleus

39
Q

name the 2 ways to alter gene expression :

A
  1. genetic

2. epigenetic

40
Q

_____: genetically altering gene expression directly on the DNA

A

transcription

41
Q

_____: changes not on the DNA directly, but changes to gene expression

A

Epigenetic

42
Q

_______: process by which one of the two copies of the X chromosome present in female mammals is inactivated.

A

x- chromosome inactivation

epigenetic change

43
Q

Give two examples of epigenetic changes

A

x chromosome inactivation

histone acetylation/ deacetylation

44
Q

DNA is wrapped around a ____protein

A

histone

45
Q

_______ prevents DNA from being exposed and transcribed

A

positive charge on a histone protein

46
Q

the addition of _______ groups unwraps and exposes DNA

A

acetyl groups

–> allows for transcription / expression

47
Q

__: DNA that is wrapped around histones

A

chromatin

chromosomes are just bigger that we can see

48
Q

_____: is a loose chromatin that is not tightly bounded and can be transcribed

A

euchromatin

49
Q

________ : is a chromatin that is tightly bound and cant be transcribed

A

heterochomatin

50
Q

______: helps to maintain the cell’s structure and shape

A

cytoskeleton

51
Q

What are the three main networks of primary PROTEIN filaments

A
  1. actin filament
  2. intermediate filament
  3. microtubles
52
Q

organelles can travel across ____ to get to other areas of the cell

A

microtubles

53
Q

Microtubules are composed of polymerized ______

A

tubulin (a protein)

54
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_: participate in
 cell mobility 
cell division 
cytokinesis
vesicle
organelle movement 
cell shape
A

microfilaments

55
Q

_____ filaments are in cells that withstand mechanical stress

A

intermediate filaments

56
Q

_____ are known as prtein making factories

A

ribosomes

57
Q

After DNA is _______ to mRNA , ribosomes ____ mRNA to protein

A

transcribed

Tranlate

58
Q

Ribosomes are located in the ______ and in the ____

A

cytoplasm & Endoplasmic reticulum

59
Q

___: is a network of tubules and flat vescicles interconnected with one another

A

endoplasmic reticulum

60
Q

The walls of the ER are made up of ?

A

lipid bilayers (that contain protein)

61
Q

Smooth ER fxn for the synthesis of _____

A

lipid substances

62
Q

Rough ER are ribosomes that are a combo of RNA and proteins. They FXN to synthesis ______

A

glycosylation new proteins

63
Q

addng CHO groups to proteins is called ______

A

glycosylation

64
Q

What are the two sites of glycosylation in the ER?

A

1st in the ER

2nd in the golgi apparatus –> makes the instructions more complex

65
Q

Glycosylation is the addition of a CHO to a ____

A

protein

66
Q

Without proper glycosylation, the cell doesn’t know what to do with______

A

newly synthesized protein

67
Q

______: are slacked layers of thin vesicles in the golgi apparatus

A

cisternae

68
Q

_____ is known as the export system of the cell

A

golgi

69
Q

Vesicles that pinch off from the golgi apparatus form (3) :
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. lysosomes
  2. secretory vesicles
  3. cytoplasmic components
70
Q

_______ take the pritein and enzymes to the outer cell membrane to be released

A

secretory vesicles

made from vesiscles being pinched off from the golgi apparatus

71
Q

_________: occurs whenvesiscles go to the cell membrane & through exocitosis they release what was in it

A

cell communication

72
Q

____: is the process of cellular INGESTION by which the plasma membrane folds inward to bring sub. into the cell

A

endocytosis

73
Q

Name three types of endocytosis

A
  1. pinocytosis
  2. receptor-mediated endocytosis
  3. phagocytosis
74
Q

____: is a form of endocytosis that brings a particle into the cell by invaginating it & then suspending it within a vesicle to be fused with a lysosome

A

pinocytosis

75
Q

________ endocytosis is when a molecule binds to specialized protein receptors on the plasma membrane

A

receptor-mediated endocytosis

76
Q

receptors are located on small pts called ______ on the surface of cells

A

coated pits

77
Q

The inside of the membrane of the coated pits are lined with a fibrillary protein called _____

A

clathrin

78
Q

_______ endocytosis is when the receptors in the coated pit are full, the entire pit invaginates and forms a cated vesicle inside the cytoplasm

A

receptor mediated endocytosis

T2 - Cell Physio Midterm 1 (4 decks)

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