Ch 1: Human Physiology control of the "Internal Environment" Flashcards
S:22
______ : study of the mechanisms behind biological functions
physiology
___ are the basic units of life
cells
____ are muscle cells
myocytes
___ are bone cells
osteocytes
___ are RBC
erythrocytes
cells require ____ and ____ to sustain life
oxygen
energy yeilding nutrients
Cells remove _____ and other waste products
CO2
_____ is a biochem mechanism to convert nutrients to nrg
Metabolism
_____ is the ability to reproduce new cells from older cells
replication
neuro cells dont really divide
cells that have similar fxn are grouped into ____
primary tissues
what are the 4 classifications of primary tissues
- muscle
- nervous
- epithelial
- CT
_____ tissue specializes in communication within the body
nervous
____ tissue specializes for forming membranes and glands
epithelial
_____ tissue speciallizes in providing nutrients, structure and support
CT
What are the 3 types of muscle tissue
skeletal
cardiac
smooth
What are the two types of nervous tissue
Neurons
glia : non-neural cells. They form myelin and support neural tissue
What are the 3 types of epithelial membranes
squamous
columnar
cuboidal
What are the two types of glands that are formed by epithelial tissues
endocrine
exocrine
Organs are composed of :
two or more primary tissues
prim tiss- cells that have similar fxn
______ are organs that are located in different regions of the body and perform related fxn
systems
How is homeostasis structurally and functionally made possible?
by having highly organized systems that can communicate with each other through specialized pathways
60% of the body is made of ____
aqueous solution
there is __ communication btw the intra/extracellular compartments
selective
______ regulates the molecules and ions across the membrane
transport mechanisms
phosopholipids are hydro____
hydrophobic
cell survival is dependent on ____ fluid
extracellular fluid
____ carry waste products in the blood
ions and bicarbonate
___ & ____ ions are found in the extracellular fluid
Na+ Cl - (O2)
Where is glucose, fatty acids and amino acids found ?
nutrients are found in the extracellular fluid
_____ ions are found in the intracellular fluid
K and phosphates (ATP, ADP, CrP)
always have to maintain a ____ for things to happen in the cell
charge
______: the spaces btw cells that make up the internal enviro
interstitial space
____ is the part of blood that actually contains genetic material
plasma
In capillaries there is an exchange btw circulating blood and ____
interstitual spaces
____________________________ allows the cells to have access to essential components and for waste to be carried away in the blood
The transport of materials from the blood into the interstitual space
Where would you expect to find the heaviest concentration of toxins?
interstitual space
____ is required for metabolizing glucose and free fatty acids
O2
____ &____ are needed to make ATP
glucose and free fatty acids
have to have O2 to metabolize these
_____ in the extracellular fluid must be maintained in constant concetration so cells ahve access when intracellular rxn need it
O2
____ is what carries O2 in the blood
hemoglobin (Hb)
also regulates O2 concentration
____ regulates O2 concentration in the EXTRAcellular fluid
Hemoglobin
also carries O2
If O2 concentration is high, Hb _____
does not release it
If O2 concentration is low, Hb ____
releases it
_______: When O2 concentration is high Hb holds on to it. When O2 contrention is low Hb releases it
O2 buffering fxn of hemoglobin
_____ is an end product of oxidative rxn in the cell
CO2
high concentrations of CO2 in the tiss fluid causes _____
NRG rxn to cease = cell death
A higher than normal CO2 concentration excited______
the respiratory center - makes the person breath FASTER and DEEPER
What are the 2 CN that are directly involved with regulating CO2 and BP
glossopharyngeal (IX)
Vagus
____ are chemoreceptors in the throat that detect changes of blood flowing through it
- what 4 factors can be detected?
cartoid body
changes in O2, Co2 , Ph, temp
Carotid bodys are afferent chemoreceptors innervated by _____ N
glossopharyngeal N (IX)
Glossopharyngeal N receive GVA fibers from _____ chemoreceptors
carotid body
Glossopharyngeal N affect the______ which are located in blood vessels and detect stretching of the vessel
baroreceptors
baroreceptors afferent are innervated by _____N
glossopharyngeal
_____ innervates the cardiac plexus
vagus
