Rest of Study Guide 1 Flashcards
______: cells absorb molecules (such as proteins) by engulfing them.
endocytosis
____:small particles are brought into the cell, forming an invagination, and then suspended within small vesicles that subsequently fuse with lysosomes to hydrolyze
pinocytosis
_____: inward bubbling of the plasma membrane vesciles containing protein with receptor sites
receptor -mediated endocytosis
_____: cell eating
phagocytosis
_____: cellular organelles that contain acid hydrolase enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris
lysosomes
_____: is composed of the phospholipids of plasma membrane enclosing a large molecule that pinches off from the membrane and internalizes its contents into the cell
multivescular body
____: basic unit of DNA. Sigment of 8 DNA wound around 8 histone proteins
nucleosomes
The structure of DNA is a double helix with alternating ____ & ____ molecules, with a ____ base
alternating: phosphate & deoxyribose
nitrogen base
What are the two purine nitrogen bases in DNA
Adenosine & guanine
What are the two pyrimidine nitrogen bases in DNA
Thymine & cytosine
__________ structurally define a gene. Their sequence encodes for heritable traits
nucleotides
_______ Is attached to the 5’ end of DNA
CH3 methyl group
______ is attached to the 3’ end of DNA
poly-A-tail
___: is a protein that binds to specific DNA sequences- this controls the flow of genetic infor from the DNA
transcription Factor
process called ______: constructing RNA chains using DNA genes as templates
transcription
_____: enzyme that produces RNA by binding to a promotor region
RNA polymerase
In what direction does elongation take place
5’-> 3’
Major enzyme that is involved in intitiating transcription and polymerizing mRNA
RNA polymerase
binds to “promotor”
How many mRNA molecules can be transcribed from the same DNA at the same time?
DNA transcription produces a single strnd of RNA
2 factors that affect termination of transcription
- Coding sequence on the DNA
2. autonomic folding and dissociation of mRNA
_______: minostrands of mRNA that swim btw mRNA strands and ribosomes to prevent translation
micro RNA
What is UTR?
It is the untranslated region that is associated with the 5’ end and 3’ end
WHERE Is the anticodon located
tRNA
What is the start codon? What is the amino acid associated with it?
AUG
methianine
• What are the stop codons? What are the amino acids associated with it?
o UAA
o UAG
o UGA
o No amino acid
• Where would one expect to find most mutations between individuals in mRNA?
introns and untranslated regions
Cell Cycle phases
o S phase: synthesis phase • DNA is replicated • Both strands replicated completely o G2 phase • DNA is pulled apart o M phase • 2 daughter cells are formed o G1: adult life o INTERPHASES • Check points • What the cell is usually in
_____: • Puts all the pieces of the lagging strand together. Creates bonds
DNA ligase
• What enzymes are involved in DNA proofreading?
DNA polymerase and DNA ligase
Prophase
- Chromatin coils and supercoils
- Become compact
- Visible chromosomes
- Paired sister chromatids
Pro-metaphase
- Nuclear envelope breaks down
- Microtubules appear
- Connect kinetochores to the pores
Metaphase
• Centromeres become aligned at cells equator
meet at the center
anaphase
- Sister chromatids separate
* New daughter chromosomes begin to move toward the poles
telpphase
separation and enters interphase
• What is cytokinesis?
separation of the 2 new daughter cells
_____ stem cells: have unlimited capability . Can form extraembryonic membranes and tissues, embryo itsself, and all postembryonic tissues and organs
totipotent stem cells
“total”
_____stem cells: capable of most, but not all, tissues of an organism
pluripotent
“plural”
____stem cells: give rise to cells that have specific fxn (ex: blood stem cells)
multipotent
• What are some of the major ions found in higher intracellular concentrations
K+, Mg+ , phosphate ions
Name some molecules that are able to pass freely through the cell membrane
lipid soluble- nonpolar molecules (EX: steroid hormones: testosterone, estrogen, cortisol)
• What is the name of the specialized channels in the cell membrane that allows water to pass through freely?
aquaporins
Why can’t ions pass through aquaporins
water soluble ions have a “hydration shell”
shell is too large to pass through the channel
• What are two common mechanisms for Na+ ions to travel across the membrane through Na+ channels?
ligand gated (chemicaly gated) voltage gated
____diffusion : diffusion occurs through a carrier, not an open pore
facilitated
• What is the specific name of the carrier protein in the insulin-glucose
GLUT 4
• In the facilitated diffusion of glucose, insulin signaling to cells promotes what process that inserts carrier proteins into the cell membrane?
membrane trafficking
__: o Diffusion of water caused by a concentration difference of water
osmosis
• What would happen to your red blood cells if you received an IV of distilled water
bc hypotonic
_____: cells that detect changes in plasma osmolarity
osmoreceptors
how do osmoreceptors work
o When plasma has low water concentration, osmoreceptor-containing cells lose water to hypertonic blood, deforms the cell
o Signals the release of ADH
• What is the name of the hormone secreted that tells the kidneys to conserve urine? Where is it secreted from?
ADH from posterior pituitary
