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T2 - Cell Physio Midterm 1 > Rest of Study Guide 1 > Flashcards

Rest of Study Guide 1 Flashcards

1
Q

______: cells absorb molecules (such as proteins) by engulfing them.

A

endocytosis

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2
Q

____:small particles are brought into the cell, forming an invagination, and then suspended within small vesicles that subsequently fuse with lysosomes to hydrolyze

A

pinocytosis

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3
Q

_____: inward bubbling of the plasma membrane vesciles containing protein with receptor sites

A

receptor -mediated endocytosis

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4
Q

_____: cell eating

A

phagocytosis

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5
Q

_____: cellular organelles that contain acid hydrolase enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris

A

lysosomes

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6
Q

_____: is composed of the phospholipids of plasma membrane enclosing a large molecule that pinches off from the membrane and internalizes its contents into the cell

A

multivescular body

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7
Q

____: basic unit of DNA. Sigment of 8 DNA wound around 8 histone proteins

A

nucleosomes

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8
Q

The structure of DNA is a double helix with alternating ____ & ____ molecules, with a ____ base

A

alternating: phosphate & deoxyribose

nitrogen base

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9
Q

What are the two purine nitrogen bases in DNA

A

Adenosine & guanine

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10
Q

What are the two pyrimidine nitrogen bases in DNA

A

Thymine & cytosine

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11
Q

__________ structurally define a gene. Their sequence encodes for heritable traits

A

nucleotides

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12
Q

_______ Is attached to the 5’ end of DNA

A

CH3 methyl group

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13
Q

______ is attached to the 3’ end of DNA

A

poly-A-tail

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14
Q

___: is a protein that binds to specific DNA sequences- this controls the flow of genetic infor from the DNA

A

transcription Factor

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15
Q

process called ______: constructing RNA chains using DNA genes as templates

A

transcription

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16
Q

_____: enzyme that produces RNA by binding to a promotor region

A

RNA polymerase

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17
Q

In what direction does elongation take place

A

5’-> 3’

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18
Q

Major enzyme that is involved in intitiating transcription and polymerizing mRNA

A

RNA polymerase

binds to “promotor”

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19
Q

How many mRNA molecules can be transcribed from the same DNA at the same time?

A

DNA transcription produces a single strnd of RNA

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20
Q

2 factors that affect termination of transcription

A
  1. Coding sequence on the DNA

2. autonomic folding and dissociation of mRNA

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21
Q

_______: minostrands of mRNA that swim btw mRNA strands and ribosomes to prevent translation

A

micro RNA

22
Q

What is UTR?

A

It is the untranslated region that is associated with the 5’ end and 3’ end

23
Q

WHERE Is the anticodon located

A

tRNA

24
Q

What is the start codon? What is the amino acid associated with it?

A

AUG

methianine

25
Q

• What are the stop codons? What are the amino acids associated with it?

A

o UAA
o UAG
o UGA
o No amino acid

26
Q

• Where would one expect to find most mutations between individuals in mRNA?

A

introns and untranslated regions

27
Q

Cell Cycle phases

A 
o	S phase: synthesis phase
•	DNA is replicated
•	Both strands replicated completely
o	G2 phase
•	DNA is pulled apart
o	M phase
•	2 daughter cells are formed
o	G1: adult life
o	INTERPHASES
•	Check points
•	What the cell is usually in
28
Q

_____: • Puts all the pieces of the lagging strand together. Creates bonds

A

DNA ligase

29
Q

• What enzymes are involved in DNA proofreading?

A

DNA polymerase and DNA ligase

30
Q

Prophase

A
  • Chromatin coils and supercoils
  • Become compact
  • Visible chromosomes
  • Paired sister chromatids
31
Q

Pro-metaphase

A
  • Nuclear envelope breaks down
  • Microtubules appear
  • Connect kinetochores to the pores
32
Q

Metaphase

A

• Centromeres become aligned at cells equator

meet at the center

33
Q

anaphase

A
  • Sister chromatids separate

* New daughter chromosomes begin to move toward the poles

34
Q

telpphase

A

separation and enters interphase

35
Q

• What is cytokinesis?

A

separation of the 2 new daughter cells

36
Q

_____ stem cells: have unlimited capability . Can form extraembryonic membranes and tissues, embryo itsself, and all postembryonic tissues and organs

A

totipotent stem cells

“total”

37
Q

_____stem cells: capable of most, but not all, tissues of an organism

A

pluripotent

“plural”

38
Q

____stem cells: give rise to cells that have specific fxn (ex: blood stem cells)

A

multipotent

39
Q

• What are some of the major ions found in higher intracellular concentrations

A

K+, Mg+ , phosphate ions

40
Q

Name some molecules that are able to pass freely through the cell membrane

A

lipid soluble- nonpolar molecules (EX: steroid hormones: testosterone, estrogen, cortisol)

41
Q

• What is the name of the specialized channels in the cell membrane that allows water to pass through freely?

A

aquaporins

42
Q

Why can’t ions pass through aquaporins

A

water soluble ions have a “hydration shell”

shell is too large to pass through the channel

43
Q

• What are two common mechanisms for Na+ ions to travel across the membrane through Na+ channels?

A 
ligand gated (chemicaly gated) 
voltage gated
44
Q

____diffusion : diffusion occurs through a carrier, not an open pore

A

facilitated

45
Q

• What is the specific name of the carrier protein in the insulin-glucose

A

GLUT 4

46
Q

• In the facilitated diffusion of glucose, insulin signaling to cells promotes what process that inserts carrier proteins into the cell membrane?

A

membrane trafficking

47
Q

__: o Diffusion of water caused by a concentration difference of water

A

osmosis

48
Q

• What would happen to your red blood cells if you received an IV of distilled water

A

bc hypotonic

49
Q

_____: cells that detect changes in plasma osmolarity

A

osmoreceptors

50
Q

how do osmoreceptors work

A

o When plasma has low water concentration, osmoreceptor-containing cells lose water to hypertonic blood, deforms the cell
o Signals the release of ADH

51
Q

• What is the name of the hormone secreted that tells the kidneys to conserve urine? Where is it secreted from?

A

ADH from posterior pituitary

T2 - Cell Physio Midterm 1 (4 decks)

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