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[OS 201] 3rd Exam > Trans - Utility of Molecular Tools in Health Care and Biological Research > Flashcards

Trans - Utility of Molecular Tools in Health Care and Biological Research Flashcards

1
Q

discovered DNA double helix

A

James Watson, Francis Crick

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2
Q

BRCA 1 & 2

A

transcriptional molecules correlated with breast cancer (5% risk with BRCA 1; more risk with BRCA 2)

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3
Q

physical manifestation of genetic variation

A

anatomic variation

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4
Q

biochemical manifestation of genetic variation

A

physiologic

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5
Q

main genomic variations [3]

A

[1] single base pair change
[2] insertions, deletions
[3] structural rearrangements (ex. translocation)

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6
Q

epigenetic mechanism of genetic variation

A

[1] methylation of DNA

[2] histone packing

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7
Q

epigenetic mechanism affected by: [5]

A 
[1] development (in utero, childhood)
[2] environmental chemicals
[3] drugs
[4] aging
[5] diet
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8
Q

methods of nucleic acid extraction

A

[1] organic-based extraction

[2] silica-based extraction

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9
Q

methods of nucleic acid amplification

A

[1] polymerase chain reaction

[2] cloning

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10
Q

post-amplification methods [4]

A

[1] direct assessment
[2] electrophoresis
[3] hybridization assay
[4] sequencing

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11
Q

when will you use organic methods of nucleic acid extraction?

A

when you want a greater quantity of nucleic acid

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12
Q

when will you use silica column method of nucleic acid extraction?

A

when you want greater purity of the sample

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13
Q

principle of nucleic acid extraction by organic solvent

A

[1] aqueous chloroform solution separates hydrophilic DNA from other components
[2] when alcohol is added, DNA precipitates at inferface –> easily collected

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14
Q

2 main organic solvents used in nucleic acid extraction

A

[1] chloroform

[2] alcohol

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15
Q

requirements of PCR [4]

A

[1] DNA template
[2] DNA polymerase
[3] DNA primers
[4] ions and pH buffers

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16
Q

PCR - temperature to activate DNA polymerase

A

94-96 C

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17
Q

PCR - denaturation step temperature

A

94-96C

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18
Q

PCR - annealing step - temperature and purpose

A

50-65 C to allow primers to bind to complementary strands

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19
Q

PCR - extension step - temperature and purpose

A

72 C to allow elongation

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20
Q

PCR - final extension step - temperature and purpose

A

70-74 C to ensure remaining single stranded DNA is fully extended

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21
Q

PCR - final hold - temperature and purpose

A

4-15 C for short-term storage

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22
Q

DNA polymerase used in PCR? why?

A

Taq polymerase - heat resistant polymerase from Thermus aquaticus

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23
Q

electrophoresis - principle

A

separation of DNA segments by size and charge via migration through gels driven by electrical charges

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24
Q

electrophoresis - purpose

A

to obtain a certain DNA segment of interest

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25
electrophoresis - direction of flow? why?
towards the + terminal, because DNA is negatively charged
26
electrophoresis - rate of flow is affected by what factors?
rate of flow determined by size (larger = slower) and charge (more positive = slower)
27
LAMP - meaning
Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification of DNA
28
LAMP - principle
PCR conducted at only one temperature
28
LAMP - principle
PCR conducted at only one temperature
29
LAMP - microorganism involved
bacillus stereos thermophiles (BST)
29
LAMP - microorganism involved
bacillus stereos thermophiles (BST)
30
LAMP - temperature
65 C
30
LAMP - temperature
65 C
31
LAMP - major disadvantages [2]
[1] takes too long | [2] nonspecificity
31
LAMP - major disadvantages [2]
[1] takes too long | [2] nonspecificity
32
LAMP - major advantages [3]
[1] cheaper than PCR [2] easier to do [3[ may be done in remote areas
32
LAMP - major advantages [3]
[1] cheaper than PCR [2] easier to do [3[ may be done in remote areas
33
hybridization assay - principle
probes are used to determine if target sequence is present or not in a given DNA sample
33
hybridization assay - principle
probes are used to determine if target sequence is present or not in a given DNA sample
34
pharmacogenesis
concerned with drug metabolism
34
pharmacogenesis
concerned with drug metabolism
35
pharmacogenesis - mainly controlled by what factor
60 cytochrome P450
35
pharmacogenesis - mainly controlled by what factor
60 cytochrome P450
36
pharmacogenesis - ways of altering drugs
[1] drug to metabolite (which may be toxic) | [2] prodrug (which may be toxic) to drug
36
pharmacogenesis - ways of altering drugs
[1] drug to metabolite (which may be toxic) | [2] prodrug (which may be toxic) to drug
37
warfarin
effective anticoagulant
37
warfarin
effective anticoagulant
38
involved in warfarin metabolism [2]
[1] CYS269 - metabolizes warfarin | [2] VKORC1 - prevents bleeding
38
involved in warfarin metabolism [2]
[1] CYS269 - metabolizes warfarin | [2] VKORC1 - prevents bleeding
39
microarray technology - principle
information on more than a million unique sequences and variances may be stored in a single chip
39
microarray technology - principle
information on more than a million unique sequences and variances may be stored in a single chip
40
steps in microarray processing [4]
[1] creation of array of oligonucleotides on a chip [2] hybridization of fluorescently labeled DNA/RNA [3] scanning of the array [4] computational processing of raw image
40
steps in microarray processing [4]
[1] creation of array of oligonucleotides on a chip [2] hybridization of fluorescently labeled DNA/RNA [3] scanning of the array [4] computational processing of raw image
41
microarray technology - importance
ability to visually determine which variations of DNA will cause expression of certain traits
41
microarray technology - importance
ability to visually determine which variations of DNA will cause expression of certain traits
42
single nucleotide polymorphism
single base variations of DNA
42
single nucleotide polymorphism
single base variations of DNA
43
single nucleotide polymorphism - frequency
every 800 bases
43
single nucleotide polymorphism - frequency
every 800 bases
44
genome wide association studies
investigate genome as a whole, large patient samples, large control (normal) samples
44
genome wide association studies
investigate genome as a whole, large patient samples, large control (normal) samples
45
uses of microarrays [3]
[1] detect DNA variations [2] detect changes in relative RNA quantity (degree of expression) [3] detect changes in DNA methylation (degree of expression)
45
uses of microarrays [3]
[1] detect DNA variations [2] detect changes in relative RNA quantity (degree of expression) [3] detect changes in DNA methylation (degree of expression)
46
new generation sequencing
rapid sequencing technology making use of clonal amplification
46
new generation sequencing
rapid sequencing technology making use of clonal amplification
47
central to proteint testing
antibodies
47
central to proteint testing
antibodies
48
western blot
electrophoresis involving proteins
48
western blot
electrophoresis involving proteins
49
immunoassay
[1] antigens targeted by being attached to labeled antibodies [2] competitive binding assay in which the binding protein being used is an antibody
49
immunoassay
[1] antigens targeted by being attached to labeled antibodies [2] competitive binding assay in which the binding protein being used is an antibody
50
ELISA - meaning
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
50
ELISA - meaning
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
51
Interferon-gamma release assay - purpose
used to diagnose active/asymptomatic tuberculosis
51
Interferon-gamma release assay - purpose
used to diagnose active/asymptomatic tuberculosis
52
Interferon-gamma release assay - principle
immunocompetent T cells can be induced to express interferon-gamma only during active infection --> detection of this interferon gamma indicates infection
52
Interferon-gamma release assay - principle
immunocompetent T cells can be induced to express interferon-gamma only during active infection --> detection of this interferon gamma indicates infection
53
immunohistochemistry
[1] technique used to localize the antigens or proteins in tissue sections by use of labeled antibodies that are visualized by a marker such as fluorescent dyes [2] tissue samples stained with antibodies specific to target proteins
53
immunohistochemistry
[1] technique used to localize the antigens or proteins in tissue sections by use of labeled antibodies that are visualized by a marker such as fluorescent dyes [2] tissue samples stained with antibodies specific to target proteins
54
flourescent microscopy
technique using fluorescent antibodies as markers
54
flourescent microscopy
technique using fluorescent antibodies as markers
55
most of the differences in health conditions are associated with _____
variations in genomic structure and expression
55
most of the differences in health conditions are associated with _____
variations in genomic structure and expression

[OS 201] 3rd Exam (10 decks)

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