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[OS 201] 3rd Exam > Trans - Gene Expression > Flashcards

Trans - Gene Expression Flashcards

1
Q

retroviruses

A

RNA viruses that make DNA copies of themselves by using reverse transcriptase

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2
Q

reverse transcriptase

A

enzyme that creates DNA from RNA template

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3
Q

retrotransposons

A

sequences of DNA that make RNA copies of themselve, then get reverse-transcribed into DNA

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4
Q

operons - type/level of control

A

transcriptional control

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5
Q

operons

A

functioning unit of genomic DNA containing a cluster of genes under the control of a single regulatory signal or promoter

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6
Q

enzyme for transcription

A

RNA polymerase

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7
Q

subunits of RNA polymerase [5]

A 
[1] alpha1
[2] alpha2
[3] beta'
[4] beta
[5] omege
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8
Q

alpha1 subunit of RNA polymerase

A

assembling of RNA polymerase complex

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9
Q

alpha2 subunit of RNA polymerase

A

assembling of RNA polymerase complex

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10
Q

beta’ subunit of RNA polymerase

A

template binding

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11
Q

beta subunit of RNA polymerase

A

catalytic subunit for RNA synthesis

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12
Q

enzyme catalyzed by beta subunit of RNA polymerase

A

5’ –> 3’ polymerase

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13
Q

omega subunit of RNA polymerase

A

unclear function

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14
Q

subunits of eukaryotic RNA polymerase

A

2 alpha, 2 beta, omega, 7 more

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15
Q

RNA polymerase I

A

synthesis of rRNA (28S, 18S, 5.8S)

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16
Q

RNA polymerase II

A

synthesis of mRNA

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17
Q

RNA polymerase III

A

synthesis of tRNA, snRNA, 5S rRNA, misc RNAs

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18
Q

raw materials for new RNA

A

ATP, CTP, GTP, UTP

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19
Q

direction of transcription

A

5’–>3’

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20
Q

processes involved in transcription

A

initiation, elongation, termination

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21
Q

relationship of chromatin structure to gene expression

A

open chromatin –> increased gene expression

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22
Q

transcription unit

A

transcribed segment of DNA

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23
Q

promoter regions [3]

A

[1] TATA box
[2] CAAT box
[3] GC box

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24
Q

classes of transcription factors [3]

A

[1] basal components
[2] activators
[3] corregulators

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25
Q

basal components

A

allow transcription to take place at lower levels

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26
Q

examples of basal components

A

TBP, TFIIA, B, E, F, H

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27
Q

activators

A

bind to distal regulatory elements - enhancers

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28
Q

corregulators

A

bind to distal regulatory elements - enhancers

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29
Q

examples of activators

A

TFIID

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30
Q

examples of corregulators

A

SP1, atf, ctf, ap1

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31
Q

TFIID

A

recognizes TATA box, activator

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32
Q

TFIIH

A

helicase - unwinds DNA; kinase - phosphorylates polymerase

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33
Q

TFIIF

A

brings polymerase to promoter

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34
Q

Sp1

A

recognizes GC box

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35
Q

CTF

A

recognizes CAAT box

36
Q

antisense strand

A

DNA strand used as a template for transcription

37
Q

sense strand

A

DNA strand almost identical to the mRNA transcribed

38
Q

uracil replaces what base in RNA

A

thymine

39
Q

direction of RNA synthesis

A

5’ –> 3’

40
Q

direction of reading of antisense strand

A

3’–>5’

41
Q

snRNA

A

function in splicing of mRNA

42
Q

snoRNA

A

used to process and chemically modfiy rRNA

43
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal components

44
Q

tRNA

A

binds and carries amino acids to ribosome

45
Q

mRNA

A

codes for proteins

46
Q

composition of 5’ cap

A

7-methylguanosine

47
Q

responsible for adding GMP to 5’ end in capping

A

guanylyltransferase

48
Q

responsible for methylation of terminal guanine in capping

A

guanine-7-methyltransferase

49
Q

linkage of 5’ cap

A

5’–>5’ triphosphate linkage

50
Q

importance of capping [2]

A

[1] stabilize mRNA

[2] allows exit of mRNA from nucleus

51
Q

responsible for synthesizing poly-A-tail

A

polyadenylate polymerase

52
Q

before adding the poly-A-tail, where is the mRNA cleaved?

A

consensus sequence called the polyadenylation signal sequence (AAUAA)

53
Q

importance of poly-A-tail [4]

A

[1] stabilize mRNA
[2] facilitate exit from nucleus
[3] aid in translation
[4] protection from exonucleases

54
Q

responsible for removal of introns

A

spliceosome

55
Q

snRNP

A

small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle; involved in formation and function of spliceosome

56
Q

primary helper of mRNA exit from nucleus

A

Met 67-Mtr 2

57
Q

miRNA

A

short nuclear ribonucleic acid with no introns found in eukaryotic cells

58
Q

Drosha

A

removes 5’cap and poly-A-tail from miRNA

59
Q

exportin-5

A

removes miRNA from nucleus

60
Q

dicer

A

cuts pairs and unwinds structure of miRNA

61
Q

Argonaut protein

A

end product of miRNA transport

62
Q

responsible for attachment of amino acids to corresponding tRNAs

A

aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetase

63
Q

ribosomal binding sites

A

A, P, E

64
Q

A site

A

aminoacyl site; binds incoming tRNA

65
Q

P site

A

peptidyl site; carries peptidyl tRNA carrying the chain of amino acids already synthesized

66
Q

E site

A

exit site; carries empty tRNA

67
Q

energy requirements of translation

A

2 ATP, 2 GTP

68
Q

direction of reading of mRNA

A

5’ –> 3’

69
Q

wobble hypothesis

A

base at the 5’ end of the anticodon (first base of anticodon) allows nontraditional pairing with the base at the 3’ end of the codon (last base of codon)

70
Q

significance of wobble hypothesis

A

single tRNA can recognize more than 1 codon

71
Q

protein is synthesized from what end to what end

A

amino terminal to carboxy terminal

72
Q

coupled system of translation and transcription

A

found in prokaryotes; translation happens as the mRNA is being transcribed

73
Q

polycistronic

A

several coding regions in single mRNA - each coding region has its own initiation and termination codon producing a separate species of polypeptide

74
Q

monoscistronic

A

only one coding region per mRNA - each mRNA codes for only one polypeptide

75
Q

shine-dalgarno sequence

A

purine-rich sequence upstream of AUG, can bind to ribosomes to put ribosomal subunits closer to AUG

76
Q

initiation codon

A

initiation codon recognized by initiator tRNA - directly goes to the P site

77
Q

amino acid carried by initiator tRNA in bacteria and mitochondria

A

N-formylated methionine

78
Q

amino acid carried by initiator tRNA in eukaryotes

A

methionine

79
Q

elongation factors in eukaryotes

A

EF-1alpha-GTP and EF-1beta-gamma

80
Q

responsible for catalysis of peptide bonds

A

peptidyltransferase

81
Q

proteins recognizing stop codon in prokaryotes

A

RF1, RF2, RF3-GTP

82
Q

RF1

A

recognizes UAA, UAG

83
Q

RF2

A

recognizes UAA, UGA

84
Q

RF-3-GTP

A

releases RF1 or RF2

85
Q

release factors

A

hydrolyze bond linking peptide to tRNA at P site

86
Q

polysome

A

single mRNA translated by more than one ribosome

[OS 201] 3rd Exam (10 decks)

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