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CMED 312 Ophtha module > Trans 021 Ophthalmic Pathology > Flashcards

Trans 021 Ophthalmic Pathology Flashcards

1
Q
  • Painful red bump located at the base of the eyelash or inside the eyelid
  • Acute infection of the oil glands of the eyelid that occurs after the glands have become clogged
  • May arise from an infection.
A

Stye

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2
Q
  • Painless bump or nodule inside the upper or lower eyelid
  • Result from healed internal styes that no longer are infectious
  • Cyst-like nodules around an oil gland (meibomian) within the eyelid, resulting in red, swollen eyelids
  • Contents include pus and blocked fatty secretions (lipids) that normally help lubricate the eye but can no longer drain out.
A

Chalazion

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3
Q

is a sterile chronic granulomatous inflammatory lesion (lipogranuloma) of the meibomian, or sometimes Zeis, glands caused by retained sebaceous secretions. Histopathology shows a lipogranulomatous chronic inflammatory picture with extracellular fat deposits surrounded by lipid-laden epithelioid cells, multinucleated giant cells and lymphocytes. Blepharitis is commonly present; rosacea can be associated with multiple and recurrent chalazia. A recurrent chalazion should be biopsied to exclude malignancy.`

A

Chalazion

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4
Q

what structure?nonkeratinizing stratified squamous epithelium

responds to inflammation by forming papillary folds

A

Palpebral conjunctiva

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5
Q

pseudostratified columnar epithelium rich in goblet cell

-involved in viral conjunctivitis or lymphoid malignancy

A

Fornix conjunctiva

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6
Q

nonkeratinizing stratified squamous epithelium

-covers the surface of the eye

A

Bulbar conjunctiva

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7
Q
  • Thin transparent layer of tissue that lines the inner surface of the eyelid and covers the white part of the eye
  • Inflammation or swelling of the conjunctiva
A

Conjunctivitis

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8
Q

conjunctivitis aused by sexually transmitted infections

A

Chlamydia conjunctivitis

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9
Q

conjunctivitis Caused by chemicals such as chlorine (Swimming pool)

A

Reactive Conjunctivits

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10
Q

Submucosal conjunctival elevations
• Common degenerative disease increasing with age
• Due to actinic damage to the collagen associated with the proliferation of sub-epithelial connective tissue of the bulbar conjunctiva

A

Pinguecula and pterygium

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11
Q
  • Does not invade the cornea

* Can affect tear film distribution resulting to focal dehydration with corneal depression

A

Pingeucula

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12
Q
  • Refers to growth of conjunctival mucosa and fibrovascular connective tissue originating in the limbus and invading the cornea
  • Vision affected
  • Resection performed due to irritation or cosmetic reasons
A

Pterygium

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13
Q
  • Sharply demarcated yellowish deposit of fat underneath the skin, usually on or around the eyelids
  • May be associated with hyperlipidemia
  • Dermal collection of lipid filled macrophages
A

Xanthelasma

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14
Q

-most common tumor of conjunctiva; types similar to the skin lesions i.e., junctional, compound, and intradermal nevi

A

CONJUNCTIVAL MELANOCYTIC NEVI

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15
Q

are usually in the dermal surface (intradermal navus), butif you see the nevi cells in the junction papilla you would call it junctional nevi.. or in both the junction and the dermal layer you call it compound nevi
 Intradermal is more common

A

Nevi Cells

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16
Q

one of the most common sites for non-melanoma skin cancer

A

eyelid region

17
Q

• Most common malignant tumor involving skin of eyelids
• Sun damaged areas
• Locally invasive; does not metastasize
• Usually at the lower eyelids and medial canthi
 Pinaka mabait, pag natanggal yan without invations it will not reoccure, cause exposure to excessive sunlight

A

Basal Cell Carcinoma

18
Q

It most frequently arises from the lower eyelid, followed in relative frequency by the medial canthus, upper eyelid and lateral canthus. The tumour is slowly growing and locally invasive but non-metastasizing. Tumours located near the medial canthus are more prone to invade the orbit and sinuses, are more difficult to manage than those arising elsewhere and carry the greatest risk of recurrence. Tumours that recur following incomplete treatment tend to be more aggressive

A

BASAL CELL CARCINOMA

19
Q

Made up of basaloid cells, at the periphery you see a palisading of the basaloid cells which is one of the characteristics of

A

Basal cell carcinoma

20
Q
  • 2nd most common eyelid malignancy
  • Metastasizes to parotid and submandibular lymph nodes
  • Exhibit intraepithelial pagetoid spread into the nasopharynx and lacrimal glands
  • Mortality rate >20%
A

SEBACEOUS CARCINOMA

21
Q
  • Tend to follow and indolent course; less than 5%
  • Can be associated with HPV types 16 and 18
  • Tends to occur at sun-damaged areas
  • Ulcerations are common
  • Invasive and metastasizes to preauricular and submandibular lymph nodes
A

Squamous cell carcinoma

22
Q

This is a well differentiated type of squamous cell carcinoma, because of the presence of _________-, this are horn cells and if you look at them individually each cell is connected by intercellular bridges. If you see this type of structure (intercellular bridges) in any part of the body basta may squamous cell lining siya and it becomes aberrant this will develop to keratin pearls. Look at the inflammatory reaction around these structures (mostly lymphocytes)

A

keratin pearls

23
Q
  • Rare, unilateral; middle aged, fair
  • <1% of all skin melanomas
  • Results of DNA damage from exposure to UV light
  • Risk factors: fair skin, the presence of dysplastic of congenital nevi, family history, and older age
  • 25% mortality
A

Malignant Melanoma

24
Q
  • Transparent, lacks blood vessels and lymphatics in the stroma
  • Precise collagen alignment is necessary to maintain transparency
  • Anterior: covered by epithelium overlying basement membrane and an acellular Bowman layer
  • Posterior: bounded by corneal endothelium derived from neural crest, lies on basal lamina descement membrane
A

Cornea

25
Q

the most important refractive medium of the eye. This

A

Cornea

26
Q
  • Inflammations of the cornea
  • Infectious caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites
  • Non-infectious keratitis caused by minor injury, wearing your contact lenses too long or other noninfectious diseases
A

Keratitis

27
Q
  • Interruption of an intact corneal epithelium and/or abnormal tear permits entrance of microorganisms into the corneal stroma and cause ulcerations
  • Some bacteria can penetrate an intact corneal epithelium
  • Acute inflammatory cells surround the ulcer and cause necrosis of the stromal lamellae

what pathology?

A

Keratits

28
Q
  • Scarring clouding of the cornea due to trauma, inflammatory or ulcerative process, previous surgery, conjunctival disease
  • Porcelain-white color, blood vessels germinate into it eventually, fatty degeneration occurs, which becomes yellow shade color
  • Epithelial cell and stroma changes
A

Leukoma

29
Q
  • Due to normal aging; harmless
  • Yellow-white, gray, or blue line at the corneal margin caused by lipid accumulation in between the corneal stromal lamella
  • Blood vessels in the eyes widen with age allowing more cholesterol and other fats to build up in the eye
  • Below 40 of age may be indicative of a hyper-lipoproteinemia (involving low-density lipoproteins) with elevated serum cholesterol
  • Lipid deposition occurs in the peripheral corneal stroma starting at the inferior and superior poles of the cornea
  • Late stages encircle the entire circumference
A

Arcus senilis

30
Q

is the most common peripheral corneal opacity; it frequently occurs without any predisposing systemic condition in elderly individuals, but may be associated with dyslipidemia in younger patients (arcus juvenilis)

A

Arcus senilis

31
Q
  • Normally, cornea round shape, like a ping-pong ball
  • Structure of the cornea not strong enough to hold this round shape
  • Normal pressure inside the eye makes the cornea bulge outward like a cone, causing distorted vision
  • Thinning and fibrosis of cornea; numerous breaks in Bowman’s layer
A

KERATOCONUS

32
Q
  • Epithelial: basement membrane fragmentation and scarring

Axial stromal: thinning and scarring breaks in folds close to the Descemet membrane result to acute hydrops

A

Keratoconus

33
Q
  • Layer between the sclera and retina containing blood vessels, nerves, support cells and melanocytes
    o Divided into: Choroid (beneath the retina), ciliary body, iris
A

UVEA

34
Q
  • Acutely painful, red, inflamed eyes
  • Causes inflection, injury, or an autoimmune or inflammatory disease
  • Many times, a cause can’t be identified
  • Complications: Glaucoma, Cataracts, Optic nerve damage, retinal detachment, permanent vision loss
A

Uveitis

35
Q

adult intraocular tumor in developed countries
• Arises from the pigmented or potentially pigment producing cells of uvea, usually choroid, least commonly in iris
• May cause retinal detachment
• Spread occurs directly into the orbit or through the blood vessels
• Associated with GNAQ and GNA11 mutations, both encoding G protein-coupled receptors that lead to enhanced proliferation through effects on MAP kinase pathway
• Spread via hematogenous route and highly favor the liver
• 5-yr survival rate” 80%
• Mortality: 40% in 10 years, increasing 1% per year thereafter

A

Malignant melanoma in UVEA

CMED 312 Ophtha module (19 decks)

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