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Personality and Individual Differences > Traits and Life Outcomes > Flashcards

Traits and Life Outcomes Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Somatogenic approach?

A

Physical factors as the cause of psychological differences in personality
- E.g Galen and Hippocrates 4 humors

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2
Q

What is a modern example of the somatogenic approach?

A

Hypertension can lead to symptoms of depression ans anxiety

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3
Q

What is the Psychogenic approach?

A

How psychological differences may affect us physically e.g. chronic stress has serious implications for physical health (Heilmayr et al., 2019)

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4
Q

Who categorised the 3 ways personality may influence health?

A

Contrada, Cather and O’Leary (1999)

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5
Q

What are intrinsic characteristics?

A

May be associated with psychological processes that have negative physical outcomes

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6
Q

What are the 3 theories that link personality and health?

A

Intrinsic characteristics, risky behavioural choices and prevention/reaction

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7
Q

What are risky behavioural choices?

A

Smoking, unhealthy diet and substance abuse

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8
Q

What is an example of preventing health problems?

A

Coscientious individuals are more likely to see the doctor if they are concerned

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9
Q

What does Meehl’s diathesis stress model of schizophrenia (1962,1989) suggest?

A

That personality factors which precede later symptomology include anxiousness, submissiveness, introversion and eccentricity

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10
Q

What did Zuckerman, 1999 find?

A

High neuroticism and low extroversion may contribute to a number of different psychiatric disorders

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11
Q

What did Quirk find out about the Big 5 and several indicators of psychopathology?

A

Big 5 may provide info relevant to clinical concerns such as self-perception, interpersonal functioning, treatment response, and outcome prediction

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12
Q

What personality trait is strongest in predictive romantic outcomes?

A

Neuroticism

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13
Q

What did a study on heterosexual couples find?

A

300 couples over 50 years found that high neuroticism in one spouse predicted levels of dissatisfaction in the marriage and divorce

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14
Q

What else are key predictors of relationship outcomes?

A

Agreeableness and conscientiousness

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15
Q

What study discussed agreeableness and conscientiousness?

A

20k married couples in 3 countries - found associations between high agreeableness, conscientiousness and emotional stability and higher marital satisfaction - 7 point Likert scale

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16
Q

What is the effect of extroversion on life?

A

Mixed impacts - extroverts tend to experience more positive emotions and have more social connections but high extroversion has also been associated with short term mating and mate poaching

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17
Q

How does OCEAN link to Sternberg’s triangular theory (1998) ?

A
  • Agreeableness correlated with all 3 dimensions due to interpersonal interactions
  • Conscientiousness was positvely associated with intimacy and commitment
  • Extraversion was linked to higher levels of passion
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18
Q

What is triangular theory of love?

A

Intimacy, passiona and commitment

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19
Q

What is personality similarity of relationships?

A

Couples who ‘fall in love at first sight’ tend to show less similarity in personality traits than those who get to know eachother more slowly
- Research has shown that personality similarity does not predict relationship satisfaction or life satisfaction

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20
Q

What do most relationship studies tend to rely on?

A

Self report

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21
Q

What is happiness related to?

A

High self esteem, relationship quality, income, productivity, sociability, and creativity (Tucker et al., 2001)

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22
Q

What environmental influences do personality traits intercat with?

A

Positive life outcomes - graduation, marriage, children
Adverse life outcomes - deaths, divorce, ill health
Surrounding social and political factors

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23
Q

What 3 ways did Diener, Oishi and Lucas (2003) theorise the ways personality traits can influence happiness?

A
  • Baseline effect - extraverted and stable individuals have higher baseline levels of positive affect
  • Emotional reactivity - IDs affect the degree to which people to specific life events
  • Information processing - IDs predict people’s interpretation of events
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24
Q

What did Webb do?

A

Conceptualised persistence of motives as an important personality trait for predictinf academic success

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25
Q

What did Webb combine with intellect?

A

Stability of emotions (1915)

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26
Q

What have recent views on personlity and educational performance found?

A

The most consistent personality correlate of exam and continuous assessment performance is conscientiousness (Bratko et al., 2006)

27
Q

What are conscientious individuals more like?

A

More likely to attend class, complete assignments on time and revise

28
Q

What sub-facets of conscientiousness are most strongly correlated with academic achievement?

A

Self discipline and achievement striving (O’Connor and Paunonen, 2007)

29
Q

How can neuroticism lead to test anxiety?

A

State anxiety (test) interacts with external stressors to enhance the subject component of stress, affecting individual’s perceptions of stressors and their ability to cope

30
Q

What did Bratko et al (2006) suggest about anxiety?

A

A certain level can act as to motivation to study and prepare for exams

31
Q

What have meta analytic studies suggested about openness to experience and intelligence?

A

Moderately correlated to crystilised intelligence - well known correlate of academic performance

32
Q

What have associations between extraversion and academic performance shown to be affected by and by who?

A

Type of assessment, Furnham and Chammoro-Premuzic, 2005

33
Q

What did a meta analysis by O’Conner and Paunonen (2007) show?

A
  • Conscientiousness consistently predicted academic performance (0.22-0.4)
  • Openness was sometimes correlated with academic success (0.05-0.3)
  • Extroversion - weak effect
34
Q

What did research suggest about job performance?

A

FFM is most useful for predicting job performance - Concientiousness is strongest and most consistent predictor of job performance

35
Q

What did Schmidt and Hunter find about conscientiousness and job performance?

A

Medium strength correlations (0.31), 1998

36
Q

What is the correlation between concientiousness and job performance weaker than?

A

Work samples (0.54), IQ tests (0.51) and structured interviews (0.31)

37
Q

What can extroversion predict in terms of job type?

A

Success in management and sales

38
Q

What can extroversion and openness predict in terms of job type?

A

Training performance

39
Q

What did Hermelin and Robertson (2001) find about conscientiousness and occupation?

A

Less advantageous for role requiring creativity or flexibility

40
Q

What is prosocial behaviour?

A

Voluntary behviour intended to benefit another (Eisenberg et al., 2006)

41
Q

What traits are associated with prosocial behaviour?

A

High extraversion and agreeableness

42
Q

What did Penner identify to underly prosocial behaviour?

A

Empathy (agreeableness) and helpfulness (extraversion)

43
Q

What is antisocial behaviour?

A

Actions that violate social norms in ways that reflect disregard for others or violate the rights of others

44
Q

What are major predictors of antisocial behaviour?

A

Low conscientiousness and low neuroticism

45
Q

What did Hepp et al., 2002 find with economic games?

A
  • A Study using the Dictator game and the Faith game to explore links between personality traits and prosocial behaviour
46
Q

What was the Dictator game?

A

Ps who play the role of the dictator can exploit other players by taking their money without negative consequence

47
Q

What is the Faith game?

A

Ps must choose between:
- Recieving a fixed (unknown) amount of money fom experimenter
- Recieving an unknown amount of money from an unknown person

48
Q

What were the findings of Hepp’s study?

A
  • Measured maladaptive personality traits associated with personality disorder diagnosis, including negative affectivity, detachment, antagonism, disinhibition and psychoticism, based on the DSM-5 and ICD-11 systems
  • Antagonism was associated with greater levels of exploitation
49
Q

What is antagonism defined as?

A

Callous antipathy toward others and unawareness of others’ needs and feelings, as well as a willingness to use others in the service of self-enhancement

50
Q

How did early theorists categorise criminals?

A

Physical features

51
Q

What did Goring (1913) find about criminals?

A

3000 criminals and 3000 non-criminals - no systematic differences in facial and cranial characteristics between 2 groups

52
Q

What did Lombroso study?

A

Italian criminals and thought they displayed physical features characterising the ‘Criminal man’ (1876)
- Described as having racial undertones

53
Q

What is the ‘halo effect’?

A

Where we expect people that we view as pleasing to the eye to also possess positve characteristics

54
Q

What did Eysenck find about the PEN model and crime?

A

Low E and N least likely to engage in anti-social behaviour
- Low E and high N (and vice versa) at a mid point
- High E and N most likely to engage in anti-social behaviour - will develop poor personal, leading to crime

55
Q

What did high psychoticism relate to?

A

Offending, particularly with crimes involving hostility to othersW

56
Q

What did Barton and Barton (2005) find? (PEN)

A

Compared to non-offenders, offenders tend towards High N and High P

57
Q

What is the main strength of Eysenck’s PEN model of crime?

A

Emphasis on interactions between hereditary, biological functioning, the environment and child development

58
Q

What are the limitations of Eysenck’s PEN theory of Crime?

A
  • Theory not applicable to all crime - diff. personality traits may predict diff. types of crime
  • The emphasis on classical/operant conditioning does not include other types of learning (role modelling)
59
Q

What are the two types of crime?

A

Social-conventional transgressions (don’t cause direct harm)
and Moral transgression (cause harm to others)

60
Q

What did a systematic review of literature identify - 3 major personality types?

A
  • Psychopathy
  • Low self-control
  • Difficult temperament
61
Q

What is the Dark Triad and who was it by?

A

Paulhus and Williams (2002) - Machiavellianism, Narcissism and Psychopathy

62
Q

What are some other factors associated with crime?

A

Alcoholism, drug addiction, poverty, ASPD, Policing, Legislation

63
Q

What did research surrounding personality of a jury find (2007) ?

A
  • 17 juries deliberated on a verdict (n=285)
  • Ps all completed Big 5 Inventory
  • High levels of juror extraversion was associated with not guilty verdicts
  • Extraversion also associated with being selected as jury foreperson = higher influence
64
Q
A

Personality and Individual Differences (6 decks)

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