Intelligence II

Question 1

What did Flynn (1987,1994) show?

Answer 1

IQ was increasing year on year in all parts of the world at about 3 points per decade

Question 2

What intelligence rose more than another?

Answer 2

Fluid (non-verbal) over crystallised (verbal)

Question 3

What did Flynn favour in terms of explanation?

Answer 3

Environmental explanation - too rapid to be genetic

Question 4

What 5 environmental influences did Neisser (1998) suggest to explain the Flynn effect?

Answer 4

• Schooling
• Test taking sophistication
• Parenting styles
• Visual and technical environment
• Nutrition

Question 5

What two key hypothesis have been compared?

Answer 5

Cognitive stimulation hypothesis (if true, would be a rise in IQ test scores across generation at all levels of IQ) and the Nutrition hypothesis (if true, rises would mainly occur at lower end of distribution of IQ scores, where nutritional deprivaton is most severe)

Question 6

What did Trahan et al (2014) observe?

Answer 6

• 286 studies (meta analysis)
• Supported previous estimates of Flynn Effect across diff. ages, measures and samples, and levels of performance
• Highlighted meausrement issues - need for new normative scores

Question 7

What does evidence suggest about group differences?

Answer 7

Small cultural and ethnic variations in mean IQ scores but largest variation lies within groups

Question 8

Why was the APA Intelligence Taskforce created (1996) ?

Answer 8

Response to controversy and debate around ‘The Bell Curve’

Question 9

What does the APA IT investigate?

Answer 9

• Concepts of intelligence
• Intelligence tests and their correlates
• Genes and intelligence
• Environmental effects on intelligence
• Group differences

Question 10

What were the key findings of the Task Force?

Answer 10

• Differences in gnese contributed to ID in psychometric intelligence
• Mean scores on intelligence tests are rising steadily
• Environmental factors contribute substantially to the development of intelligence

Question 11

What was founf with IQ tests and school performance?

Answer 11

Correlation between IQ scores and grades is about 0.5

Question 12

What personal and social factors predict academic performance?

Answer 12

• Association between parental socioeconomic status and school performance (around .35)
• Some concerns that IQ tests could create self-fulfilling prophecies
• Links between IQ and AP decrease as students move higher up in academia - personality more critical

Question 13

What has research linked IQ to?

Answer 13

• Health
• Alcohol use/abuse
• Risky sexual behaviours
• Educational achievement
• Financial success
• Criminal behaviours

Question 14

What did a longitudinal study on twins find?

Answer 14

Between-twin IQ differences only associated with differences in income, poor diet choices and parental dissatisfaction - not with health, alcohol use or sexual behaviour

Question 15

What are the key assumptions of ‘Hot’ Intelligences?

Answer 15

• IQ does not provide a full account of differences in everyday successes
• Interpersonal skills are independent of cognitive abilities
• Interpersonal skills are more important than academic abilities
• Interpersonal skills are a form of ability

Question 16

What did Thorndike (1920) categorise intelligence into (socially) ?

Answer 16

• Mechanical intelligence
• Abstract intelligence
• Social intelligence

Question 17

Why is the theory of social intelligence important?

Answer 17

• IQ not a perfect predictor of performance and life successes
• Some evidence that social abilities exist independently of IQ - Jenses (1998) - social competence has low correlations with verbal/quantitative abilities
• May aid understanding og some disorders

Question 18

What was the George Washington Social Intelligence Test?

Answer 18

-Judgements in social situations
-Memory for names and faces
-Observation of human behaviour
-Recognition of the mental states behind words
-Recognition of mental states from facial expressions (later dropped)
-Social Information
-Sense of Humour (added later)

Question 19

What did the development of social intelligence lead to?

Answer 19

Multi-dimensional social intelligence tests - Marlowe (1986) used multiple measures
- Ford/Tisak (1983) - identified 5 dimensions of SI
- Barnes and Stamberg (1989) - distinguished between cognitive component and behavioural component

Question 20

What did Goleman investigate and when?

Answer 20

Emotional Intelligence, 1995

Question 21

What emotional intelligence tests have been used?

Answer 21

• EQ-I
• Mayer-Solevey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT)
• Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (TEIQue)
• Schutte Self-Report Emotional Intelligence Test (SSEIT)

Question 22

How does EI relate to intelligence and personality?

Answer 22

• EI correlated with IQ and personality traits - E.g. agreeableness (Schulte et al., 2004)
• May be overlaps

Question 23

What kind of intelligence did Sternberg (1985) investigate?

Answer 23

Practical and creative intelligences - triarchic theory of intelligences
- Analytical
- Creative
- Practical

Question 24

What were the 3 processes of practical intelligence?

Answer 24

Adaptation, shaping and selection

Question 25

What points of critique can be mentioned about practical intelligence?

Answer 25

• Little other research on Sternberg’s theories
• Draws upon cross cultural studies

Question 26

What 3 clusters did the implicit theories fall into (Lay beliefs) ?

Answer 26

• Verbal ability
• Practical problem solving
• Social competence

Question 27

What was Sternberg and Lubart’s theory and when was it?

Answer 27

Ivestment Theory of Creativity, 1995

Question 28

What did Lubart and Sternberg’s theory focus on?

Answer 28

Creativity relies on making a decision to do things differently, plus 6 other factors:
- Intrinsic motivation
- Knowledge
- Intelligence
- Venturesome personality
- Imaginitive thinking style
- Creative environment

Question 29

Why did Weinberg and Alba (1981) argue the cognitive processes are the same?

Answer 29

Creativity depends on knowledge

Question 30

What is the threshold theory?

Answer 30

Suggests that nedd certain level of IQ to be creative (varied evidence though)

Question 31

How do we measure creativity?

Answer 31

Alternate Uses Test - responses scored according to originality, fluency, flexibility and elaboration
Remote Associations test - contains items like “find a fourth word associated with these 3 words”

Question 32

What is the Torrance Test of Creativity and Thinking?

Answer 32

Contains items such as “Name all things you can think of that are red and edible”

Question 33

What did a 50 year longitudinal study of the TTCT test find?

Answer 33

TTCT scores were superior to those obtained from tests of intelligence in predictiing creative public achievements

Question 34

What challenges are there in measurinf creativity?

Answer 34

• Large variety of items and subjectivity of scoring
• Evidence of some overlaps between personality traits and creativity
• Creativity can be expressed in different ways

Question 35

What did Armstrong find (2015) ?

Answer 35

People diagnoesed with ASD may excel in detail-focus and working with systems - score higher non-verbally than verbally
- People with dyslexia - have good global visual-spatial abilities