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Personality and Individual Differences > The Essential Trait Approach and 5 Factor Model > Flashcards

The Essential Trait Approach and 5 Factor Model Flashcards

1
Q

What did Cattell produce?

A

16 Personality Factor Questionnaire - multi-level hierarchical structure of personality

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2
Q

What was in the 16PF?

A
  • Surface traits - observable by others
  • 16 second-order global factors - describe personality at a broader conceptual level
  • 3rd order factors (AKA ‘global factors’ - similar to 5 factor model
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3
Q

How are 3rd order factors derived?

A

Factor analysis of 2nd order factors

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4
Q

What 3 different sources of data did Cattell collect?

A

L data (life), Q data (SR-Q) and T data (objective tests

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5
Q

How do source traits arise?

A

Environmental-mold traits and constitutional traits (biology)

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6
Q

How are source traits expressed?

A

Ability traits, Temperament traits (emotional tendencies) and Dynamic traits (motivations)

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7
Q

What happens in the 16PF?

A

Asks simple questions about daily behaviour, interests and opinions rather than asking for self assessment of personality traits

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8
Q

What is the ipip?

A

International Personility Item Pool - a public domain collection of over 3320 items and 250 scales for use in personality tests

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9
Q

How is the ipip used?

A
  • Research and clinical settings
  • Vocational psychology - careers
  • Occupational psychology
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10
Q

What did Cattell contribute to?

A

Development of the Big 5 theory of personality

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11
Q

Who created the Big 5 and what are they?

A

Goldberg; Surgency, Emotional stability, Intellect or culture, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness or dependability

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12
Q

What are the +ve/-ve of the 16PF?

A

+ve
- Contribution to psychology - factor analysis
-ve
- Difficult to replicate
- Not independent - oblique rotation in factor analysis

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13
Q

What is oblique rotation in factor analysis?

A

Where factors correlate

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14
Q

What are the similarities between Cattell’s 16PF and Eysenck’s PEN model?

A
  • Great importance on biological and genetic factors
  • Nomothetic approach - general laws and similarities
  • Emphasises scientific discovery and measurement
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15
Q

What are the differences between Cattell’s 16PF and Eysenck’s PEN model?

A
  • Different uses of Factor analysis - oblique vs orthogonal
  • Cattell was data driven (inductive) vs Eysenck was theory driven (deductive)
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16
Q

What 3 super traits did Eysenck identify and when?

A
  • Neurotiscim vs emotional stability
  • Extroversion vs introversion
    (1947)
  • Psychchoticism (1976)
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17
Q

What is Neuroticism vs Emotional stability?

A

an individual’s level of emotionality and tendency to worry, be moody, touchy, and anxious

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18
Q

What is Extroversion vs Introversion?

A

refers to the degree to which an individual is socially outgoing or socially withdrawn

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19
Q

What is Psychoticism?

A

refers to an individual’s level of conformity, aggressiveness, and feelings for others (empathy)

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20
Q

What was the key element of Eysenck’s PEN theory?

A

It explains individual differences in personality in biological terms

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21
Q

What two neural mechanisms in the brain did Eysenck theorise?

A

Excitatory and Inhibitory

22
Q

What is the balance of neural mechnisms balanced by?

A

Ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

23
Q

What two major systems account for physiological and psychological differences in arousal between individuals?

A

The reticulo-cortical - cortical arousal
The reticula-limbic - emotional stimuli

24
Q

What did Eysenck argue?

A

Individual differences in Extraversion were explained by physiological differences in the reticula-cortical system
- Introverts would have a greater tendency to be cortically aroused than extroverts, given equal external stimulation

25
Q

What research backs up Eysenck’s theory?

A

A study where participants chose the volume of music to listen to while completing a task, extroverts chose a higher level (Geen, 1984)

26
Q

What did Eysenck explain neuroticism in terms of?

A

Limbic system - activated by emotional stimuli

27
Q

Why are neurotic individuals more likely to experience anxiety?

A

Higher activation of these emotional systems

28
Q

What are the critiques of Eysenck’s theory?

A
  • Processes theorised to underlie neuroticism and extraversion are physiologically interdependent
  • Inability to test theories due to lack of knowledge/scientific instrument
  • Rarely replicated
  • However was a forerunner of other attempts to explain biological origins of personality
29
Q

What is the EPQ-R?

A

Personality test based on Eysenck’s 3 overarching traits - 100 y/n Qs in full scale (48 y/n Qs in short scale)

30
Q

What two brain based systems for controlling peopl’s interactions with their environment did Gray identify?

A
  • The behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
  • The behavioural activation (BAS)
31
Q

What did Gray emphasise when explaining biological mechanisms?

A

Conditioning (reward/punishment)

32
Q

What are the features of BAS?

A
  • Infleunces individuals disposition to pursue and achieve goals
  • Aroused when it recieves cues corresponding to rewards
  • Sensitive to stimuli which have been conditioned to be appealing
  • Associations with hope (Gable et al., 2000)
33
Q

What are individuals with higher activating BAS like?

A

Feel more positive emotions in response to environmental cues indicating non-punishment, reward and achievement of goals

34
Q

What has trait impulsivity been linked to?

A

Conditions related to disinhibition such as ADHD, substance and alcolhol abuse (Franken et al., 2016; Hahn et al ., 2012) and sociopathy

35
Q

What are the features of the BIS?

A
  • Theorised to predict IDs in responses to anxiety-relevant cues in the environment
  • Inhibits behaviours associated with potential punishment, lack of reward, lack of stimulation of negative events
  • Activation leads to avoidance of these types of cue, to reduce feelings of fear, anxiety, frustration and sadness
36
Q

What is overreaction of this system related to?

A

Neurotic anxiety and depression (Gray, 1987)

37
Q

What is some relevant research related to the BAS/BIS?

A

Heponiemi et al 2003
- Ps BIS/BAS sensitivity measured via self report questionnaire (Carver and White, 1984)
- Ps complete a # of taks either involved with punishment for error or reward for success - recorded levels of positive/negative emotion
- Ps with greater BAS felt more positive in reward tasks
- Ps with greater BIS felt more negative in punishment tasks

38
Q

What was Carver and White’s BIS/BAS scales and when?

A

20 item self-administered questionnaire on 5 point scale, 1994

39
Q

What are the implications of Gray’s theory?

A
  • Some evidence for correlations between Gray’s BIS (anxiety related) <-> Eysenck’s Neuroticsim
    + BAS (impulsivity related) <-> Eysenck’s Extraversion
  • Suggests IDs in people’s sensitivity to +ve/-ve cues
40
Q

What has recent research suggested about psychoticism being associated with?

A

Reduced anxiety/fear and increased impulsivity

41
Q

What are the Big Five/FFM and who created them?

A

Openness to experience
Conscientiousness
Extraversion/Introversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
McCrae & Costa, 1987, 1997; Goldberg, 1990)

42
Q

How was the FFM developed?

A
  • On the basis of a lexical hypothesis
  • Via statistical methods rather than theory or research
  • Provides a description of IDs ratheer than causal explanations
43
Q

What is the NEO-PI by Costa and McCrae, 1985/1992?

A

Self administered test of over 240 items, assessing 30 facets of 5 personality factors - 5 point Likert scale

44
Q

Who created the Big 5 inventory?

A

John et al., 1991

45
Q

What is the Big 5 i/nventory?

A

Another measure of the FFM, short instrument to measure
- 44 short-phrase items select based of expert categorisations of 300 adjectives
- Still shows strong validity and reliability

46
Q

What behaviours has the Big Five been associated with and by who?

A
  • People high in extraversion exercise more, drink more and are more honest
  • People high in conscientiousness get better grades and percieved as more honest by others
  • People high in openness are more likely to play a musical instrument
  • Highly agreeable people are consistently found to smoke less

Paunonen, 2003

47
Q

What are the critiques for the FFM?

A
  • Cross cultural reproduction
  • Universality
  • Supporting empricial evidence
  • Highly compatible with other models of personality e.g. Cattell’s 3rd order factors
48
Q

What are the negatives of the FFM?

A
  • Doesn’t provide theoretical explanations for personality development
  • Debate over naming of traits
  • Sex differences - women score consistently higher than men in neuroticism, agreeableness and conscientiousness
49
Q

What were the potential sixth traits?

A

Trustworthiness (Di Blas & Forzi, 1998; Hahn et al., 1999)

Values (Peabody & Goldberg, 1989)

50
Q

What did Ashton and Lee (2008) develop?

A

HEXACO model of personality - OCEAN + Honesty/humility

51
Q

What adjectives dive Paunonen and Jackson identify to not fit with the Big Five?

A

Deceptiveness, miserliness, conservatism, masculinity, egotism, humour and risk-taking

52
Q

What has the FFM shown?

A

Good validity and reliability

Personality and Individual Differences (6 decks)

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