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MSc Psychology: Individual Differences > Trait Theories > Flashcards

Trait Theories Flashcards

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1
Q

The idiographic approach is:
Qualitative approach focused on case studies
Quantitative approach focused on metrics

A

Qualitative approach focused on case studies

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2
Q

The nomothetic approach is:
Qualitative approach focused on case studies
Quantitative approach focused on metrics

A

Quantitative approach focused on metrics

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3
Q

Traits are considered:

1/ The building blocks of personality
2/ Relatively enduring irrespective of situation
3/ Biological and genetic at source
4/ All of the above
5/ None of the above
A

4/ All of the above

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4
Q

Who is credited with the first written description of traits?

Immanuel Kant
Aristotle
Hippocrates
Galen

A

Aristotle

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5
Q

Who is credited with connecting homurism to human physical illness?

Immanuel Kant
Aristotle
Hippocrates
Galen

A

Hippocrates

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6
Q

Which isn’t one of the four humors suggested by hippocrates?

Black bile
Phlegm
Brown Bile
Blood
Yellow bile
A

Brown Bile

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7
Q

Who developed the four humors idea as representative of personality type?

Immanuel Kant
Aristotle
Hippocrates
Galen

A

Galen

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8
Q

According to Galen, a melancholic temperament is caused by:

1/ Black bile excess
2/ Yellow bile excess
3/ Strong activity in bodily fluids (high humorous activity)
4/ Low activity in bodily fluids (low humorous activity)

A

1/ Black bile excess

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9
Q

According to Galen, a choleric temperament (easily angered) is caused by:

Black bile excess
Yellow bile excess
Strong activity in bodily fluids (high humorous activity)
Low activity in bodily fluids (low humorous activity)

A

Strong activity in bodily fluids (high humorous activity)

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10
Q

According to Galen, a Phlegmatic temperament (calm) is caused by:

1/ Black bile excess
2/ Yellow bile excess
3/ Strong activity in bodily fluids (high humorous activity)
4/ Low activity in bodily fluids (low humorous activity)

A

4/ Low activity in bodily fluids (low humorous activity)

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11
Q

Who developed the Hippocrates-Galen temperaments and proposed 4 personality types based on 2 dimensions (activation and strength of feelings)

Wilhelm Wundt
Immanuel Kant
Sigmund Freud
William Herbert Sheldon

A

Immanuel Kant

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12
Q

According to Kant, melancholic individuals are characterised by

1/ Weak feelings
2/ Strong feelings
3/ Low activity
4/ High activity

A

1/ Weak feelings

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13
Q

According to Kant, sanguine individuals are characterised by

Weak feelings
Strong feelings
Low activity
High activity

A

Strong feelings

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14
Q

According to Kant, phlegmatic individuals are characterised by

1/ Weak feelings
2/ Strong feelings
3/ Low activity
4/ High activity

A

3/ Low activity

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15
Q

According to Kant, choleric individuals are characterised by

Weak feelings
Strong feelings
Low activity
High activity

A

High activity

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16
Q

Who is credited with first proposing personality trait-like continuums (rather than categoric descriptions)?

1/ Wilhelm Wundt
2/ Immanuel Kant
3/ Sigmund Freud
4/ William Herbert Sheldon

A

1/ Wilhelm Wundt

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17
Q

Wundt’s dimensions of personality are:

1/ Sociability - emotionality
2/ Changeability - emotionality
3/ Changeability - sociability
4/ Emotionality - Conscientiousness

A

2/ Changeability - emotionality

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18
Q

Trait theory is underpinned by 2 key assumptions. They are (pick 1 answer)

1/ Traits are variable across time and across situations.
2/ Traits are relatively stable across time and across situations.
3/ Traits are relatively stable across time and variable across situations.
4/ Traits are variable across time and relatively stable across situations.

A

2/ Traits are relatively stable across time and across situations.

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19
Q

Who is credited with introducing the idea of somatotypes?

Wilhelm Wundt
Immanuel Kant
Sigmund Freud
William Herbert Sheldon

A

William Herbert Sheldon

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20
Q

Which of the following is not one of Sheldon’s somatotypes?

1/ Endomorph
2/ Cholerimorph
3/ Mesomorph
4/ Ectomorph

A

2/ Cholerimorph

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21
Q

According to Sheldon, an endomorph is characterised by:

1/ Inhibition, restraint, and a need for privacy (cerebrotonia).
2/ Competitiveness, assertiveness, and a need for physical activity (somatotonia).
3/ Sociability, a love of comfort, relaxation, and food (viscerotonia).

A

1/ Inhibition, restraint, and a need for privacy (cerebrotonia).

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22
Q

According to Sheldon, a mesomorph is characterised by:

1/ Inhibition, restraint, and a need for privacy (cerebrotonia).
2/ Competitiveness, assertiveness, and a need for physical activity (somatotonia).
3/ Sociability, a love of comfort, relaxation, and food (viscerotonia).

A

2/ Competitiveness, assertiveness, and a need for physical activity (somatotonia).

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23
Q

According to Sheldon, an ectomorph is characterised by:

1/ Inhibition, restraint, and a need for privacy (cerebrotonia).
2/ Competitiveness, assertiveness, and a need for physical activity (somatotonia).
3/ Sociability, a love of comfort, relaxation, and food (viscerotonia).

A

3/ Sociability, a love of comfort, relaxation, and food (viscerotonia).

24
Q

Who is credited with pioneering the suggestion that the most meaningful personality descriptors would be coded into language as single words (aka the lexical hypothesis)?

Francis Galton
Gordon Allport
William Herbert Sheldon
Wilhelm Wundt

A

Francis Galton

25
Q

In the lexical hypothesis, which 2 criteria are considered important?

1/ Frequency and syllable count
2/ Frequency and amount of synonyms
3/ Amount of synonyms and syllable count
4/ Amount of synonyms and mean word length of synonyms

A

2/ Frequency and amount of synonyms

26
Q

Who is credited with publishing the first book on personality traits?

1/ Francis Galton
2/ Gordon Allport
3/ William Herbert Sheldon
4/ Wilhelm Wundt

A

2/ Gordon Allport

27
Q

According to Gordon Allport’s trait theory, cardinal traits are:

1/ Single traits that dominate the personality and heavily influence behaviour (such as overriding competitiveness).
2/ A group of 5-10 traits that best describe a personality.
3/ More concerned with preferences than personality. These may only become apparent in certain situations.
4/ Traits characterised by 10 synonyms or more

A

1/ Single traits that dominate the personality and heavily influence behaviour (such as overriding competitiveness).

28
Q

According to Gordon Allport’s trait theory, central traits are:

1/ Single traits that dominate the personality and heavily influence behaviour (such as overriding competitiveness).
2/ A group of 5-10 traits that best describe a personality.
3/ More concerned with preferences than personality. These may only become apparent in certain situations.

A

2/ A group of 5-10 traits that best describe a personality.

29
Q

According to Gordon Allport’s trait theory, secondary traits are:

1/ Single traits that dominate the personality and heavily influence behaviour (such as overriding competitiveness).
2/ A group of 5-10 traits that best describe a personality.
3/ More concerned with preferences than personality. These may only become apparent in certain situations.

A

3/ More concerned with preferences than personality. These may only become apparent in certain situations.

30
Q

Gordon Allport’s term ‘proprium’ means:

An individual’s cardinal trait
The self
The extent of an individual’s sociability
A trait clearly inherited from an individual’s father

A

The self

31
Q

How many traits did Gordon Allport identify?

3
5
16
171
4500
A

4500

32
Q

Who is credited with introducing factor analysis to personality research?

1/ Charles Spearman
2/ Gordon Allport
3/ Francis Galton
4/ Raymond Cattell

A

4/ Raymond Cattell

33
Q

How many traits did Cattell ultimately identify and operationalise?

3
5
16
55
4500
A

16

34
Q

Which trait origins did Cattell identify? Pick 2 answers

1/ Humor traits - stimulated by bodily fluids
2/ Constitutional traits - genetic in origin
3/ Environmental-Mold traits - environmentally stimulated
4/ Phrenetic traits - stimulated by cranial morphology

A

2/ Constitutional traits - genetic in origin

3/ Environmental-Mold traits - environmentally stimulated

35
Q

Which data collection methods did Cattell use for source trait detection (via factor analysis). Pick 3 answers

1/ L-data - life record data. Measures of behaviour taken from ones life (such as A-level grades, degree and so on), including testimony from colleagues and teachers.
2/ M-data - Metadata (secondary data relating to primary data, such as L-data)
3/ Q-data - questionnaire data
4/ H-data - Testimony under hypnosis
5/ T-date - standardised testing - objective tests where the participants do not know what is being tested, so lying is minimised (potential problem for q-data)

A

1/ L-data - life record data. Measures of behaviour taken from ones life (such as A-level grades, degree and so on), including testimony from colleagues and teacher.
3/ Q-data - questionnaire data
5/ T-date - standardised testing - objective tests where the participants do not know what is being tested, so lying is minimised (potential problem for q-data)

36
Q

Raymond B Cattell is the creator of:

The Five-Factor Model (FFM)
The 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF)
Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ)
Thematic apperception test (TAT)

A

The 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF)

37
Q

Which 3 super-traits did Hans Eysenck ultimately identify?

1/ Conscientiousness, extroversion, neuroticism
2/ Extroversion, neuroticism, psychoticism
3/ Agreeableness, psychoticism, neuroticism
4/ Openness to experience, conscientiousness, extroversion

A

2/ Extroversion, neuroticism, psychoticism

38
Q

According to Eysenck, if an individual scored high on neuroticism or psychoticism, they…

1/ would be automatically worthy of diagnosis
2/ Would be susceptible to developing a diagnosable condition under certain circumstances
3/ are likely a genius
4/ are likely a psychopath

A

2/ Would be susceptible to developing a diagnosable condition under certain circumstances

39
Q

NEO PI-R relates to:

The Five-Factor Model (FFM)
The 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF)
Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ)
Thematic apperception test (TAT)

A

The Five-Factor Model (FFM)

40
Q

Costa and McCrae are associated with:

The Five-Factor Model (FFM)
The 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF)
Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ)
Thematic apperception test (TAT)

A

The Five-Factor Model (FFM)

41
Q

The Big Five personality traits are:

1/ Openness to experience, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
2/ Psychoticism, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
3/ Openness to experience, conscientiousness, extroversion, strength of feelings, neuroticism
4/ Openness to experience, competitiveness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

A

1/ Openness to experience, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

42
Q

Gordon Allport favoured a nomothetic approach and was interested in creating a standardised measures of personality to compare people.

True
False

A

False

43
Q

Gordon Allport used…

A psychometric approach
The lexical approach
An IPA approach
Linear regression

A

The lexical approach

44
Q

Which statement best describes factor analysis?

1/ FA is a statistical technique designed to analyse the interaction between experimental conditions and observed outcomes
2/ FA is a statistical technique designed to determine the smallest number of factors needed to explain a phenomenon
3/ FA is a statistical technique designed to identify as many factors influencing a phenomenon as possible
4/ FA is a statistical technique designed to pair defined traits to situational factors

A

2/ FA is a statistical technique designed to determine the smallest number of factors needed to explain a phenomenon

45
Q

The NEO-Personality Inventory Revised (NEO-PI-R) is designed to assess an individual’s personality according to:

The Five-Factor Model (FFM)
The 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF)
Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ)
Thematic apperception test (TAT)

A

The Five-Factor Model (FFM)

46
Q

The TIPI and the BFI are inventories designed to measure….

The Five-Factor Model (FFM)
The 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF)
Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ)
Thematic apperception test (TAT)

A

The Five-Factor Model (FFM)

47
Q

A lexical approach would most likely be used by a

1/ Psychodynamic therapist.
2/ Humanistic therapist
3/ Behaviorist.
4/ Trait theorist.

A

4/ Trait theorist.

48
Q

If you were asked to describe the personality of your best friend, and you said she was optimistic, reserved, and friendly, you would be using the _______ approach.

1/ Psychodynamic
2/ Analytical
3/ Humanistic
4/ Trait

A

4/ Trait

49
Q

According to Cattell, the _________ traits are the core of a person’s personality, that is, the person’s underlying personality characteristics.

1/ Surface
2/ Source
3/ Common
4/ Cardinal

A

4/ Cardinal

50
Q

The 16 Personality Factor (16 PF) test was developed by

1/ Allport
2/ Sheldon
3/ Cattell
4/ Jung

A

3/ Cattell

51
Q

The dimensions of the “Big Five” factor model of personality are

1/ Introversion, extroversion, neuroticism, stability, and agreeableness.
2/ Openness, conscientious, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism.
3/ Introversion, neuroticism, egocentric, intelligence, and control.
4/ Extroversion, openness to experience, stability, egocentric, and neuroticism.

A

2/ Openness, conscientious, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism.

52
Q

In the five-factor theory of personality, the dimension of _______ measures how friendly, nurturant, and caring a person is.

1/ Neuroticism
2/ Conscientiousness
3/ Agreeableness
4/ Extroversion

A

3/ Agreeableness

53
Q

Erica is described by those around her as cold, self-centered, and spiteful. Erica would score low on which dimension of the Big Five trait model?

1/ Neuroticism 
2/ Introversion 
3/ Openness to experience 
4/ Agreeableness 
5/ Don’t know
A

4/ Agreeableness

54
Q

Ben, who is intelligent and creative, would most likely score high on which dimension of the Big Five trait model?

1/ Openness to experience
2/ Conscientiousness
3/ Extroversion
4/ Neuroticism

A

1/ Openness to experience

55
Q

The dimensions of the five-factor model of personality can be used to predict how people will act in various circumstances. For example, people who score high on the ___________ dimension tend to perform well at work, do well in school, and rarely have automobile accidents.

1/ Openness to experience
2/ Conscientiousness
3/ Extroversion
4/ Agreeableness

A

2/ Conscientiousness

56
Q

To study and research personality, Trait theorists mainly focus on

1/ Nomothetic approach
2/ Idiographic approach
3/ In-depth interviews
4/ One individual

A

1/ Nomothetic approach

MSc Psychology: Individual Differences (5 decks)

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