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MSc Psychology: Individual Differences > Social Cognition > Flashcards

Social Cognition Flashcards

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1
Q

Dollard and Miller are associated with which type of theory?

1/ Trait theory
2/ Social cognitive theory
3/ Humanistic theory
4/ Drive theory

A

4/ Drive theory

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2
Q

The initial drive > The cue to act > The response > The reinforcement of the response. Who is credited with proposing these 4-stages of habit learning:

1/ Bandura
2/ Kelly
3/ Dollard and Miller
4/ Mischel

A

3/ Dollard and Miller

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3
Q

According to Dollard and Miller’s conflict situation types, an ‘approach-approach’ conflict is best described by:

1/ Being presented with two equally desirable goals and having to choose one (e.g. deciding between 2 great looking meals in a restaurant)
2/ Being presented with two equally bad goals and having to pick one.
3/ There is one goal, but it has attractive and unattractive elements.
4/ Being presented with multiple goals, some desirable and some undesirable.

A

1/ Being presented with two equally desirable goals and having to choose one (e.g. deciding between 2 great looking meals in a restaurant)

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4
Q

According to Dollard and Miller’s conflict situation types, an ‘avoidance-avoidance’ conflict is best described by:

1/ Being presented with two equally desirable goals and having to choose one (e.g. deciding between 2 great looking meals in a restaurant)
2/ Being presented with two equally bad goals and having to pick one.
3/ There is one goal, but it has attractive and unattractive elements.
4/ Being presented with multiple goals, some desirable and some undesirable.

A

2/ Being presented with two equally bad goals and having to pick one.

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5
Q

According to Dollard and Miller’s conflict situation types, an ‘approach-avoidance’ conflict is best described by:

1/ Being presented with two equally desirable goals and having to choose one (e.g. deciding between 2 great looking meals in a restaurant)
2/ Being presented with two equally bad goals and having to pick one.
3/ There is one goal, but it has attractive and unattractive elements.
4/ Being presented with multiple goals, some desirable and some undesirable.

A

3/ There is one goal, but it has attractive and unattractive elements.

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6
Q

According to Dollard and Miller’s conflict situation types, an ‘double approach-avoidance’ conflict is best described by:

1/ Being presented with two equally desirable goals and having to choose one (e.g. deciding between 2 great looking meals in a restaurant)
2/ Being presented with two equally bad goals and having to pick one.
3/ There is one goal, but it has attractive and unattractive elements.
4/ Being presented with multiple goals, some desirable and some undesirable.

A

4/ Being presented with multiple goals, some desirable and some undesirable.

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7
Q

Who is associated with social learning theory?

1/ Bandura
2/ Kelly
3/ Dollard and Miller
4/ Mischel

A

1/ Bandura

This was later developed into Social Cognitive Theory in 1986

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8
Q

Which of the following factors is not part of Bandura’s reciprocal determinism model?

1/ Person factors (biological and internal higher order cognition root)
2/ Behavioural factors (learnt root)
3/ Environmental factors (external root)
4/ Cardinal factors (over-arching trait root)

A

4/ Cardinal factors (over-arching trait root)

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9
Q

According to Bandura, which of the following best describes ‘personal agency’:

1/ We can effect things, we have free will (within the overall paradigm of our individual life environment - i.e. a stone age hunter gatherer has no chance of being a CEO)
2/ People can enlist the help of others to affect their life factors (e.g. asking a family member to babysit in order to get a job and change life in some way).
3/ Group collaborations with the intention of changing life experience in some way (e.g. villagers collectively building a barn to store food for the winter)
4/ It described an individuals most influential friends

A

1/ We can effect things, we have free will (within the overall paradigm of our individual life environment - i.e. a stone age hunter gatherer has no chance of being a CEO)

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10
Q

According to Bandura, which of the following best describes ‘proxy agency’:

1/ We can effect things, we have free will (within the overall paradigm of our individual life environment - i.e. a stone age hunter gatherer has no chance of being a CEO)
2/ People can enlist the help of others to affect their life factors (e.g. asking a family member to babysit in order to get a job and change life in some way).
3/ Group collaborations with the intention of changing life experience in some way (e.g. villagers collectively building a barn to store food for the winter)
4/ Displacing responsibility for ones own actions onto others

A

2/ People can enlist the help of others to affect their life factors (e.g. asking a family member to babysit in order to get a job and change life in some way).

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11
Q

According to Bandura, which of the following best describes ‘collective agency’:

1/ We can effect things, we have free will (within the overall paradigm of our individual life environment - i.e. a stone age hunter gatherer has no chance of being a CEO)
2/ People can enlist the help of others to affect their life factors (e.g. asking a family member to babysit in order to get a job and change life in some way).
3/ Group collaborations with the intention of changing life experience in some way (e.g. villagers collectively building a barn to store food for the winter)
4/ The ability to coerce others to the individual’s will

A

3/ Group collaborations with the intention of changing life experience in some way (e.g. villagers collectively building a barn to store food for the winter)

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12
Q

According to Bandura, ‘modelling’ is best described as:

1/ Operant conditioning
2/ Classical conditioning
3/ Observed learning
4/ Innate disposition

A

3/ Observed learning

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13
Q

Which experiment is famous for supporting the notion of modelling?

1/ Little Albert
2/ Stanford prison experiment
3/ Milgram’s obedience studies
4/ Bobo doll

A

4/ Bobo doll

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14
Q

Which of the following is not one of Bandura’s three important factors in modelling?

1/ The more like us we perceive the model to be, the more likely we are to imitate them
2/ The more attractive the model, the more likely we are to imitate them
3/ The simpler the behaviour, the more likely it is to be imitated
4/ Aggressive and hostile behaviour is more likely to be modelled.

A

2/ The more attractive the model, the more likely we are to imitate them

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15
Q

According to Bandura, which statements about the observer are likely to increase the likelihood of them imitating behaviour (modelling)? Pick 3 answers

1/ The person has been subjected to operant conditioning
2/ The person has less confident, lower self-esteem, or feels less competent.
3/ The person has socialist political leanings.
4/ The person has a history of being rewarded for conformity.
5/ The person hold the belief that imitating the behaviour will bring positive results.

A

2/ The person has less confident, lower self-esteem, or feels less competent.
4/ The person has a history of being rewarded for conformity.
5/ The person hold the belief that imitating the behaviour will bring positive results.

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16
Q

Like classical and operant conditioning, observational learning requires reinforcement.

True
False

A

False

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17
Q

According to Bandura, which self-regulatory process is the most powerful?

Self-efficacy
Self-criticism
Self-praise
Self-reflection

A

Self-efficacy

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18
Q

Which of the following are Bandura’s self-efficacy scales? Pick 3 answers

1/ Military self-efficacy scale 
2/ Teacher's self-efficacy scale
3/ Personal self-efficacy scale
4/ Children’s self-efficacy scale
5/ Parental self-efficacy scale
A

2/ Teacher’s self-efficacy scale
4/ Children’s self-efficacy scale
5/ Parental self-efficacy scale

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19
Q

Pick as many answers as apllicable. According to Bandura:

1/ Personal variables influence behaviour
2/ Behaviour influences environment
3/ Environment influences personal variables
4/ Personal variables influence environment
5/ Behaviour influences personal variables
6/ Environment influences behaviour

A

All of the above. This is reciprocal determinism.

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20
Q

According to Rotter, behaviour potential is:

1/ Behaviour designed to illicit subsequent behaviour
2/ A measure used to determine the likely behavioural response to a given situation
3/ The potential of a behaviour to have a lasting affect on the environment
4/ The potential of a behaviour to have a lasting affect on an individual’s personal characteristics.

A

2/ A measure used to determine the likely behavioural response to a given situation

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21
Q

According to Rotter, the formula for determining behaviour potential is:

1/ Behaviour Potential = Reinforcement value X Expectancy
2/ Behaviour Potential = Efficacy value X Expectancy
3/ Behaviour Potential = Reinforcement value X Dopaminergic response
4/ Behaviour Potential = Efficacy value X Dopaminergic response

A

1/ Behaviour Potential = Reinforcement value X Expectancy

22
Q

Who is associated with the notion of ‘locus of control’?

Kelly
Bandura
Mischel
Rotter

A

Rotter

23
Q

What scale did Rotter develop to measure (or locate) locus of control?

The General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES)
The Control Orientation Index (COI)
Cognitive-affective processing system (CAPS)
The I-E Scale

A

The I-E Scale

24
Q

According to Rotter, if someone has an internal locus of control:

1/ They are likely a genius
2/ They tend to have more autonomy in their life, and are less reliant on others.
3/ They are likely a psychopath
4/ They are more likely to experience anxiety, depression, and to suffer more poor health.

A

2/ They tend to have more autonomy in their life, and are less reliant on others.

25
Q

According to Rotter, if someone has an external locus of control:

1/ They are likely a genius
2/ They tend to have more autonomy in their life, and are less reliant on others.
3/ They are likely a psychopath
4/ They are more likely to experience anxiety, depression, and to suffer more poor health.

A

4/ They are more likely to experience anxiety, depression, and to suffer more poor health.

26
Q

Walter Mischel…

1/ Questioned the stability of traits across situations.
2/ Maintained the stability of traits across situations.
3/ Dismissed the idea of traits altogether.
4/ Dismissed the importance of the situation on behaviour altogether.

A

1/ Questioned the stability of traits across situations.

27
Q

Who is credited with instigating the person-situation debate?

1/ Kelly
2/ Bandura
3/ Mischel
4/ Rotter

A

3/ Mischel

28
Q

Mischel’s “personality coefficient” refers to:

1/ The correlation between situational factors and personality development
2/ The correlation between previously identified traits and observed behaviour
3/ The correlation between situational factors and observed behaviour
4/ The correlation between previously identified traits and subsequent personality development

A

2/ The correlation between previously identified traits and observed behaviour

29
Q

What did Mischel develop in order to understand personality and behaviour?

1/ The General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES)
2/ The Control Orientation Index (COI)
3/ Cognitive-affective processing system (CAPS)
4/ The I-E Scale

A

3/ Cognitive-affective processing system (CAPS)

30
Q

George Kelly is credited with developing….

1/ Personal construct theory
2/ Trait theory
3/ Drive theory
4/ Locus of control theory

A

1/ Personal construct theory

31
Q

Mischel was interested in….

1/ Showing that traits were stable over time
2/ Showing how situational variance affected behaviour
3/ Showing how traits were not stable over time
4/ Showing how situational variance did not affect behaviour

A

2/ Showing how situational variance affected behaviour

32
Q

Mischel found that….

1/ A behavioural trait measure (such as aggression) in one situation was not a good predictor of it in a different situation
2/ A behavioural trait measure (such as aggression) in one situation was a good predictor of it in a different situation
3/ It is impossible to predict behaviour across situations
4/ Situations have no effect at all on behaviour

A

1/ A behavioural trait measure (such as aggression) in one situation was not a good predictor of a different situation

33
Q

According to Mischel, an individual’s “behavioral signature” is…

1/ Their score on a recognised personality model (such as the FFM or 16PF)
2/ An indication of their cardinal trait
3/ A list of situations most likely to illicit a behavioural response
4/ Their stable pattern of behaving differently in various situations

A

4/ Their stable pattern of behaving differently in various situations

34
Q

According to Bandura….

1/ Conditioning is not a mechanical process in which people are passive participants.
2/ Conditioning is a mechanical process in which people are passive participants.
3/ People are never subject to conditioning
4/ The idea of conditioning is a malign example of societal power structures.

A

1/ Conditioning is not a mechanical process in which people are passive participants.

35
Q

Which of these statements contradicts Bandura’s perspective

1/ People are not reactive organism shaped and shepherded by environmental forces or driven by concealed inner impulses.
2/ People actively seek out and process information about their environment to maximize favorable outcomes.
3/ People are reactive organism shaped and shepherded by environmental forces and driven by concealed inner impulses.
4/ Human functioning is the product of a dynamic interplay of personal, behavioural, and environmental influences.

A

3/ People are reactive organism shaped and shepherded by environmental forces and driven by concealed inner impulses.

36
Q

Social learning theory departs from radical behaviourism in that…

1/ It rejects classical conditioning as being relevant to human behaviour
2/ It rejects operant conditioning as being relevant to human behaviour
3/ It rejects modelling as being relevant to human behaviour
4/ It asserts that individuals do possess free will rather than being completely controlled by environmental reinforcements

A

4/ It asserts that individuals do possess free will rather than being completely controlled by environmental reinforcements

37
Q

Bandura proposed which four-step pattern of modelling behaviour?

1/ Attention, reinforcement, reproduction, and motivation.
2/ Attention, reinforcement, reward, and motivation.
3/ Attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.
4/ Attention, punishment, reinforcement, and reward.

A

3/ Attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.

38
Q

If an individual has an external locus of control, what impact would this likely have on their self efficacy?

1/ Higher self-efficacy
2/ Lower self efficacy
3/ It isn’y likely to affect it at all
4/ Self-efficacy would become a secondary trait

A

2/ Lower self efficacy

39
Q

Mischel felt that….

1/ Trait theories had good predictive power
2/ Trait theories had poor predictive power
3/ The only trait theory with predictive power was the 16PF
4/ It is impossible to even attempt to predict human behaviour

A

2/ Trait theories had poor predictive power

40
Q

According to Mischel, the term ‘interactionism’ means what? Pick 2 answers

1/ The affect of personality depends on the situation
2/ The effect of personality depends on the mind/body relationship
3/ Situations are affected by the personalities of the people who are present
4/ The effect of personality primarily depends on the presence of an alpha male (betas have no impact)

A

1/ The affect of personality depends on the situation

3/ Situations are affected by the personalities of the people who are present

41
Q

According to Mischel…

1/ Behaviour is driven by enduring traits and therefore predictable across situations
2/ Behaviour is completely inconsistent
3/ Behaviour may reflect a pattern of reacting across a lifetime
4/ Behaviour is the result of classical conditioning but not operant conditioning

A

3/ Behaviour may reflect a pattern of reacting across a lifetime

42
Q

Mischel’s type 1 of coexisting variability/consistency is:

1/ Concerned with variability across individuals (a little like the trait approach)
2/ A behaviour disproportionately affected by the situation
3/ Intraindividual focus concerned with behavioural signatures (if and then statements)
4/ A behaviour disproportionately affected by the individual’s personal characteristics

A

1/ Concerned with variability across individuals (a little like the trait approach)

43
Q

Mischel’s type 2 of coexisting variability/consistency is:

1/ Concerned with variability across individuals (a little like the trait approach)
2/ A behaviour disproportionately affected by the situation
3/ Intraindividual focus concerned with behavioural signatures (if and then statements)
4/ A behaviour disproportionately affected by the individual’s personal characteristics

A

3/ Intraindividual focus concerned with behavioural signatures (if and then statements)

44
Q

Mental representations in Mischel’s CAPS system are called CAUs. This stands for

1/ Cognitive-association units
2/ Coefficient-auxiliary units
3/ Consciousness-awareness units
4/ Cognitive-affective units

A

4/ Cognitive-affective units

45
Q

Mischel’s “CAPS” is an acronym for:

1/ Consciousness-awareness personality system
2/ Cognitive-affective processing system
3/ Cognitive-association processing system
4/ Coefficient-auxiliary processing system

A

2/ Cognitive-affective processing system

46
Q

Kelly’s personal construct theory views people as

1/ Informal scientists developing their own cognitive constructs
2/ Non-active agents
3/ Passive receivers of environmental influences
4/ Having no role in the development of their personalities

A

1/ Informal scientists developing their own cognitive constructs

47
Q

Who proposed the social cognitive theory?

1/ Edward Thorndike
2/ B. F. Skinner
3/ Albert Bandura
4/ Sigmund Freud

A

3/ Albert Bandura

48
Q

According to social cognitive theory individuals

1/ Are self-organising, proactive, self-reflecting, and self-regulating,
2/ Are active players responding to inner stimuli and the external environment
3/ Are seen to be influential in determining their own motivation, development and behaviour
4/ All of the above
5/ 1 & 3 only

A

4/ All of these

49
Q

Albert Bandura believes that one of the most important expectancies we develop concerns our capacity for producing a desired result. He called this concept:

1/ Self-reinforcement
2/ Self-efficacy
3/ The psychological situation
4/ Organismic valuing

A

2/ Self-efficacy

50
Q

According to Rotter’s social learning theory the perception people have whether or not they have control over receiving reinforcement from the behaviours they choose to make is called

1/ Self-efficacy
2/ Locus of control
3/ Encodings
4/ Cognitive constructs

A

2/ Locus of control

51
Q

What does Mischel (1984) mean by Person-by-situation interactions?

1/ Individuals behave the same in all situations
2/ Situations create new traits
3/ Traits dominant situations
4/ Individuals express traits in particular situations

A

4/ Individuals express traits in particular situations

52
Q

What do psychologists mean by the term trait-situation interaction?

1/ Situations change traits.
2/ Situations create new traits.
3/ Traits dominant situations.
4/ Situations affect how traits are exhibited.

A

4/ Situations affect how traits are exhibited.

MSc Psychology: Individual Differences (5 decks)

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