Social Cognition Flashcards
Dollard and Miller are associated with which type of theory?
1/ Trait theory
2/ Social cognitive theory
3/ Humanistic theory
4/ Drive theory
4/ Drive theory
The initial drive > The cue to act > The response > The reinforcement of the response. Who is credited with proposing these 4-stages of habit learning:
1/ Bandura
2/ Kelly
3/ Dollard and Miller
4/ Mischel
3/ Dollard and Miller
According to Dollard and Miller’s conflict situation types, an ‘approach-approach’ conflict is best described by:
1/ Being presented with two equally desirable goals and having to choose one (e.g. deciding between 2 great looking meals in a restaurant)
2/ Being presented with two equally bad goals and having to pick one.
3/ There is one goal, but it has attractive and unattractive elements.
4/ Being presented with multiple goals, some desirable and some undesirable.
1/ Being presented with two equally desirable goals and having to choose one (e.g. deciding between 2 great looking meals in a restaurant)
According to Dollard and Miller’s conflict situation types, an ‘avoidance-avoidance’ conflict is best described by:
1/ Being presented with two equally desirable goals and having to choose one (e.g. deciding between 2 great looking meals in a restaurant)
2/ Being presented with two equally bad goals and having to pick one.
3/ There is one goal, but it has attractive and unattractive elements.
4/ Being presented with multiple goals, some desirable and some undesirable.
2/ Being presented with two equally bad goals and having to pick one.
According to Dollard and Miller’s conflict situation types, an ‘approach-avoidance’ conflict is best described by:
1/ Being presented with two equally desirable goals and having to choose one (e.g. deciding between 2 great looking meals in a restaurant)
2/ Being presented with two equally bad goals and having to pick one.
3/ There is one goal, but it has attractive and unattractive elements.
4/ Being presented with multiple goals, some desirable and some undesirable.
3/ There is one goal, but it has attractive and unattractive elements.
According to Dollard and Miller’s conflict situation types, an ‘double approach-avoidance’ conflict is best described by:
1/ Being presented with two equally desirable goals and having to choose one (e.g. deciding between 2 great looking meals in a restaurant)
2/ Being presented with two equally bad goals and having to pick one.
3/ There is one goal, but it has attractive and unattractive elements.
4/ Being presented with multiple goals, some desirable and some undesirable.
4/ Being presented with multiple goals, some desirable and some undesirable.
Who is associated with social learning theory?
1/ Bandura
2/ Kelly
3/ Dollard and Miller
4/ Mischel
1/ Bandura
This was later developed into Social Cognitive Theory in 1986
Which of the following factors is not part of Bandura’s reciprocal determinism model?
1/ Person factors (biological and internal higher order cognition root)
2/ Behavioural factors (learnt root)
3/ Environmental factors (external root)
4/ Cardinal factors (over-arching trait root)
4/ Cardinal factors (over-arching trait root)
According to Bandura, which of the following best describes ‘personal agency’:
1/ We can effect things, we have free will (within the overall paradigm of our individual life environment - i.e. a stone age hunter gatherer has no chance of being a CEO)
2/ People can enlist the help of others to affect their life factors (e.g. asking a family member to babysit in order to get a job and change life in some way).
3/ Group collaborations with the intention of changing life experience in some way (e.g. villagers collectively building a barn to store food for the winter)
4/ It described an individuals most influential friends
1/ We can effect things, we have free will (within the overall paradigm of our individual life environment - i.e. a stone age hunter gatherer has no chance of being a CEO)
According to Bandura, which of the following best describes ‘proxy agency’:
1/ We can effect things, we have free will (within the overall paradigm of our individual life environment - i.e. a stone age hunter gatherer has no chance of being a CEO)
2/ People can enlist the help of others to affect their life factors (e.g. asking a family member to babysit in order to get a job and change life in some way).
3/ Group collaborations with the intention of changing life experience in some way (e.g. villagers collectively building a barn to store food for the winter)
4/ Displacing responsibility for ones own actions onto others
2/ People can enlist the help of others to affect their life factors (e.g. asking a family member to babysit in order to get a job and change life in some way).
According to Bandura, which of the following best describes ‘collective agency’:
1/ We can effect things, we have free will (within the overall paradigm of our individual life environment - i.e. a stone age hunter gatherer has no chance of being a CEO)
2/ People can enlist the help of others to affect their life factors (e.g. asking a family member to babysit in order to get a job and change life in some way).
3/ Group collaborations with the intention of changing life experience in some way (e.g. villagers collectively building a barn to store food for the winter)
4/ The ability to coerce others to the individual’s will
3/ Group collaborations with the intention of changing life experience in some way (e.g. villagers collectively building a barn to store food for the winter)
According to Bandura, ‘modelling’ is best described as:
1/ Operant conditioning
2/ Classical conditioning
3/ Observed learning
4/ Innate disposition
3/ Observed learning
Which experiment is famous for supporting the notion of modelling?
1/ Little Albert
2/ Stanford prison experiment
3/ Milgram’s obedience studies
4/ Bobo doll
4/ Bobo doll
Which of the following is not one of Bandura’s three important factors in modelling?
1/ The more like us we perceive the model to be, the more likely we are to imitate them
2/ The more attractive the model, the more likely we are to imitate them
3/ The simpler the behaviour, the more likely it is to be imitated
4/ Aggressive and hostile behaviour is more likely to be modelled.
2/ The more attractive the model, the more likely we are to imitate them
According to Bandura, which statements about the observer are likely to increase the likelihood of them imitating behaviour (modelling)? Pick 3 answers
1/ The person has been subjected to operant conditioning
2/ The person has less confident, lower self-esteem, or feels less competent.
3/ The person has socialist political leanings.
4/ The person has a history of being rewarded for conformity.
5/ The person hold the belief that imitating the behaviour will bring positive results.
2/ The person has less confident, lower self-esteem, or feels less competent.
4/ The person has a history of being rewarded for conformity.
5/ The person hold the belief that imitating the behaviour will bring positive results.
Like classical and operant conditioning, observational learning requires reinforcement.
True
False
False
According to Bandura, which self-regulatory process is the most powerful?
Self-efficacy
Self-criticism
Self-praise
Self-reflection
Self-efficacy
Which of the following are Bandura’s self-efficacy scales? Pick 3 answers
1/ Military self-efficacy scale 2/ Teacher's self-efficacy scale 3/ Personal self-efficacy scale 4/ Children’s self-efficacy scale 5/ Parental self-efficacy scale
2/ Teacher’s self-efficacy scale
4/ Children’s self-efficacy scale
5/ Parental self-efficacy scale
Pick as many answers as apllicable. According to Bandura:
1/ Personal variables influence behaviour
2/ Behaviour influences environment
3/ Environment influences personal variables
4/ Personal variables influence environment
5/ Behaviour influences personal variables
6/ Environment influences behaviour
All of the above. This is reciprocal determinism.
According to Rotter, behaviour potential is:
1/ Behaviour designed to illicit subsequent behaviour
2/ A measure used to determine the likely behavioural response to a given situation
3/ The potential of a behaviour to have a lasting affect on the environment
4/ The potential of a behaviour to have a lasting affect on an individual’s personal characteristics.
2/ A measure used to determine the likely behavioural response to a given situation
According to Rotter, the formula for determining behaviour potential is:
1/ Behaviour Potential = Reinforcement value X Expectancy
2/ Behaviour Potential = Efficacy value X Expectancy
3/ Behaviour Potential = Reinforcement value X Dopaminergic response
4/ Behaviour Potential = Efficacy value X Dopaminergic response
1/ Behaviour Potential = Reinforcement value X Expectancy
Who is associated with the notion of ‘locus of control’?
Kelly
Bandura
Mischel
Rotter
Rotter
What scale did Rotter develop to measure (or locate) locus of control?
The General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES)
The Control Orientation Index (COI)
Cognitive-affective processing system (CAPS)
The I-E Scale
The I-E Scale
According to Rotter, if someone has an internal locus of control:
1/ They are likely a genius
2/ They tend to have more autonomy in their life, and are less reliant on others.
3/ They are likely a psychopath
4/ They are more likely to experience anxiety, depression, and to suffer more poor health.
2/ They tend to have more autonomy in their life, and are less reliant on others.
According to Rotter, if someone has an external locus of control:
1/ They are likely a genius
2/ They tend to have more autonomy in their life, and are less reliant on others.
3/ They are likely a psychopath
4/ They are more likely to experience anxiety, depression, and to suffer more poor health.
4/ They are more likely to experience anxiety, depression, and to suffer more poor health.
Walter Mischel…
1/ Questioned the stability of traits across situations.
2/ Maintained the stability of traits across situations.
3/ Dismissed the idea of traits altogether.
4/ Dismissed the importance of the situation on behaviour altogether.
1/ Questioned the stability of traits across situations.
Who is credited with instigating the person-situation debate?
1/ Kelly
2/ Bandura
3/ Mischel
4/ Rotter
3/ Mischel
Mischel’s “personality coefficient” refers to:
1/ The correlation between situational factors and personality development
2/ The correlation between previously identified traits and observed behaviour
3/ The correlation between situational factors and observed behaviour
4/ The correlation between previously identified traits and subsequent personality development
2/ The correlation between previously identified traits and observed behaviour
What did Mischel develop in order to understand personality and behaviour?
1/ The General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES)
2/ The Control Orientation Index (COI)
3/ Cognitive-affective processing system (CAPS)
4/ The I-E Scale
3/ Cognitive-affective processing system (CAPS)
George Kelly is credited with developing….
1/ Personal construct theory
2/ Trait theory
3/ Drive theory
4/ Locus of control theory
1/ Personal construct theory
Mischel was interested in….
1/ Showing that traits were stable over time
2/ Showing how situational variance affected behaviour
3/ Showing how traits were not stable over time
4/ Showing how situational variance did not affect behaviour
2/ Showing how situational variance affected behaviour
Mischel found that….
1/ A behavioural trait measure (such as aggression) in one situation was not a good predictor of it in a different situation
2/ A behavioural trait measure (such as aggression) in one situation was a good predictor of it in a different situation
3/ It is impossible to predict behaviour across situations
4/ Situations have no effect at all on behaviour
1/ A behavioural trait measure (such as aggression) in one situation was not a good predictor of a different situation
According to Mischel, an individual’s “behavioral signature” is…
1/ Their score on a recognised personality model (such as the FFM or 16PF)
2/ An indication of their cardinal trait
3/ A list of situations most likely to illicit a behavioural response
4/ Their stable pattern of behaving differently in various situations
4/ Their stable pattern of behaving differently in various situations
According to Bandura….
1/ Conditioning is not a mechanical process in which people are passive participants.
2/ Conditioning is a mechanical process in which people are passive participants.
3/ People are never subject to conditioning
4/ The idea of conditioning is a malign example of societal power structures.
1/ Conditioning is not a mechanical process in which people are passive participants.
Which of these statements contradicts Bandura’s perspective
1/ People are not reactive organism shaped and shepherded by environmental forces or driven by concealed inner impulses.
2/ People actively seek out and process information about their environment to maximize favorable outcomes.
3/ People are reactive organism shaped and shepherded by environmental forces and driven by concealed inner impulses.
4/ Human functioning is the product of a dynamic interplay of personal, behavioural, and environmental influences.
3/ People are reactive organism shaped and shepherded by environmental forces and driven by concealed inner impulses.
Social learning theory departs from radical behaviourism in that…
1/ It rejects classical conditioning as being relevant to human behaviour
2/ It rejects operant conditioning as being relevant to human behaviour
3/ It rejects modelling as being relevant to human behaviour
4/ It asserts that individuals do possess free will rather than being completely controlled by environmental reinforcements
4/ It asserts that individuals do possess free will rather than being completely controlled by environmental reinforcements
Bandura proposed which four-step pattern of modelling behaviour?
1/ Attention, reinforcement, reproduction, and motivation.
2/ Attention, reinforcement, reward, and motivation.
3/ Attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.
4/ Attention, punishment, reinforcement, and reward.
3/ Attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.
If an individual has an external locus of control, what impact would this likely have on their self efficacy?
1/ Higher self-efficacy
2/ Lower self efficacy
3/ It isn’y likely to affect it at all
4/ Self-efficacy would become a secondary trait
2/ Lower self efficacy
Mischel felt that….
1/ Trait theories had good predictive power
2/ Trait theories had poor predictive power
3/ The only trait theory with predictive power was the 16PF
4/ It is impossible to even attempt to predict human behaviour
2/ Trait theories had poor predictive power
According to Mischel, the term ‘interactionism’ means what? Pick 2 answers
1/ The affect of personality depends on the situation
2/ The effect of personality depends on the mind/body relationship
3/ Situations are affected by the personalities of the people who are present
4/ The effect of personality primarily depends on the presence of an alpha male (betas have no impact)
1/ The affect of personality depends on the situation
3/ Situations are affected by the personalities of the people who are present
According to Mischel…
1/ Behaviour is driven by enduring traits and therefore predictable across situations
2/ Behaviour is completely inconsistent
3/ Behaviour may reflect a pattern of reacting across a lifetime
4/ Behaviour is the result of classical conditioning but not operant conditioning
3/ Behaviour may reflect a pattern of reacting across a lifetime
Mischel’s type 1 of coexisting variability/consistency is:
1/ Concerned with variability across individuals (a little like the trait approach)
2/ A behaviour disproportionately affected by the situation
3/ Intraindividual focus concerned with behavioural signatures (if and then statements)
4/ A behaviour disproportionately affected by the individual’s personal characteristics
1/ Concerned with variability across individuals (a little like the trait approach)
Mischel’s type 2 of coexisting variability/consistency is:
1/ Concerned with variability across individuals (a little like the trait approach)
2/ A behaviour disproportionately affected by the situation
3/ Intraindividual focus concerned with behavioural signatures (if and then statements)
4/ A behaviour disproportionately affected by the individual’s personal characteristics
3/ Intraindividual focus concerned with behavioural signatures (if and then statements)
Mental representations in Mischel’s CAPS system are called CAUs. This stands for
1/ Cognitive-association units
2/ Coefficient-auxiliary units
3/ Consciousness-awareness units
4/ Cognitive-affective units
4/ Cognitive-affective units
Mischel’s “CAPS” is an acronym for:
1/ Consciousness-awareness personality system
2/ Cognitive-affective processing system
3/ Cognitive-association processing system
4/ Coefficient-auxiliary processing system
2/ Cognitive-affective processing system
Kelly’s personal construct theory views people as
1/ Informal scientists developing their own cognitive constructs
2/ Non-active agents
3/ Passive receivers of environmental influences
4/ Having no role in the development of their personalities
1/ Informal scientists developing their own cognitive constructs
Who proposed the social cognitive theory?
1/ Edward Thorndike
2/ B. F. Skinner
3/ Albert Bandura
4/ Sigmund Freud
3/ Albert Bandura
According to social cognitive theory individuals
1/ Are self-organising, proactive, self-reflecting, and self-regulating,
2/ Are active players responding to inner stimuli and the external environment
3/ Are seen to be influential in determining their own motivation, development and behaviour
4/ All of the above
5/ 1 & 3 only
4/ All of these
Albert Bandura believes that one of the most important expectancies we develop concerns our capacity for producing a desired result. He called this concept:
1/ Self-reinforcement
2/ Self-efficacy
3/ The psychological situation
4/ Organismic valuing
2/ Self-efficacy
According to Rotter’s social learning theory the perception people have whether or not they have control over receiving reinforcement from the behaviours they choose to make is called
1/ Self-efficacy
2/ Locus of control
3/ Encodings
4/ Cognitive constructs
2/ Locus of control
What does Mischel (1984) mean by Person-by-situation interactions?
1/ Individuals behave the same in all situations
2/ Situations create new traits
3/ Traits dominant situations
4/ Individuals express traits in particular situations
4/ Individuals express traits in particular situations
What do psychologists mean by the term trait-situation interaction?
1/ Situations change traits.
2/ Situations create new traits.
3/ Traits dominant situations.
4/ Situations affect how traits are exhibited.
4/ Situations affect how traits are exhibited.
