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MSc Psychology: Individual Differences > Humanistic Approach > Flashcards

Humanistic Approach Flashcards

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1
Q

According to Maslow, what are innate tendencies that are predisposed toward healthy growth?

1/ Internal tendencies
2/ Instinctoid tendencies
3/ Innatoid tendencies
4/ Biological tendencies

A

2/ Instinctoid tendencies

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2
Q

Did Maslow think that his approach was compatible with psychoanalysis?

1/ No
2/ Yes, as they both focus on the same things
3/ Yes, as psychoanalysis focuses on disturbed people, and Maslow focuses on healthy people
4/ Sometimes, but only if an individual has no psychosexual stage fixations

A

3/ Yes, as psychoanalysis focuses on disturbed people, and Maslow focuses on healthy people

Maslow felt that the 2 approaches could combine to form a complete theory of human personality

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3
Q

Maslow saw motivational factors as broadly broken down into 2 types of need. These are (pick 2)

1/ Deficiency motives
2/ Sexual motives
3/ Self-actualisation motives
4/ Growth motives

A

1/ Deficiency motives

4/ Growth motives (aka being/b-motives)

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4
Q

According to Maslow, deficiency motives are:

1/ No longer motivating once the deficiency is met
2/ Motivational factors for people who are inherently deficient
3/ Motives that have a negative affect on the individual
4/ The only way to motivate someone with low self-efficacy

A

1/ No longer motivating once the deficiency is met

e.g. food is a motivating factor when you are hungry

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5
Q

According to Maslow, growth motives are:

1/ No longer motivating once they are met
2/ Vital for physical growth during childhood and puberty
3/ More motivating the more they are met
4/ The only type of motivational factor relevant for healthy people

A

3/ More motivating the more they are met

e.g. thirst for knowledge

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6
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy is arranged in which order

1/ Physiological, belongingness & love, safety, esteem, self-actualisation
2/ Physiological, safety, esteem, belongingness & love, self-actualisation
3/ Physiological, esteem, safety, belongingness & love, self-actualisation
4/ Physiological, safety, belongingness & love, esteem, self-actualisation

A

4/ Physiological, safety, belongingness & love, esteem, self-actualisation

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7
Q

According to Maslow, b-cognition is:

1/ Non-judgemental thought that occurs during peak experiences
2/ Judgemental thought that occurs as standard
3/ Secondary to a-cognition
4/ Meta-cognition that characterises geniuses

A

1/ Non-judgemental thought that occurs during peak experiences

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8
Q

According to Maslow, d-cognition is:

1/ Non-judgemental thought that occurs during peak experiences
2/ Judgemental thought that occurs as standard
3/ Secondary to a-cognition
4/ Meta-cognition that characterises geniuses

A

2/ Judgemental thought that occurs as standard

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9
Q

According to Maslow, self-actualisers:

1/ Engage only in b-cognition
2/ Engage only in d-cognition
3/ Engage in neither b or d-cognition
4/ Engage in both b and d-cognition

A

4/ Engage in both b and d-cognition

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10
Q

According to Maslow, which of the following is not true of self-actualisers:

1/ They have a higher level of self-acceptance
2/ They have increased defence mechanisms
3/ They are more independent
4/ They have reduced defence mechanisms

A

2/ They have increased defence mechanisms

Having fewer defence mechanisms leaves them more in touch with reality as defence mechanisms distort reality

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11
Q

Maslow felt that all mental illness and psychological disturbance is caused by:

1/ Physiological damage to the brain
2/ The failure to satisfy individual needs as characterised in the hierarchy of needs
3/ Both 1 & 2
4/ None of the above

A

2/ The failure to satisfy individual needs as characterised in the hierarchy of needs

The lower the level of need not being satisfied, the more profound the disturbance

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12
Q

According to Maslow, what is the only truly effective way to treat mental illness?

1/ The pursuit of self-actualisation
2/ Psychedelics
3/ Psychoanalysis
4/ Frontal lobotomy

A

1/ The pursuit of self-actualisation

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13
Q

Carl Rogers is associated with:

1/ Person-centred therapy
2/ Self-centred therapy
3/ Personality therapy
4/ Person-centric therapy

A

1/ Person-centred therapy

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14
Q

Carl Rogers was critical of Freud because:

1/ He thought free-association was a sham
2/ Freud was too fixated on sex
3/ Freud neglected to use psychoactive substances for treatment
4/ People had more autonomy in shaping their lives than Freud proposed

A

4/ People had more autonomy in shaping their lives than Freud proposed

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15
Q

Carl Rogers referred to the people who came to him for therapy as:

1/ Patients
2/ Customers
3/ Clients
4/ Volunteers

A

3/ Clients

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16
Q

Carl Rogers saw humans as:

1/ Fixated on the past
2/ Present orientated
3/ Future orientated
4/ Fundamentally naive

A

3/ Future orientated

Future goals influence our current behaviour

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17
Q

According to Rogers…

1/ The therapist is the best expert on the client
2/ The client is the best expert on the therapist
3/ The client is the best expert on the client
4/ It is impossible for a therapist to be an expert on anything

A

3/ The client is the best expert on the client

The therapist just there to help them better recognise their problems and issues.

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18
Q

What kind of perspective did Rogers have on the nature of reality?

1/ Phenomenological
2/ Objectivist
3/ Realist
4/ Post-modernist

A

1/ Phenomenological

It is experienced via the experiences of an experiencer

19
Q

According to Rogers, Maslow’s description of self-actualisation was:

1/ Accurate and worthy of the same focus
2/ Inaccurate in that is shouldn’t be at the top of the hierarchy
3/ Non-sensical. He believed there is no such thing as self-actualisation
4/ Not particularly helpful in a therapeutic setting

A

1/ Accurate and worthy of the same focus

Individuals are said to have an innate actualising tendency

20
Q

According to Rogers, the ‘real self’ is:

1/ The person you have become
2/ The genetic blueprint of the person you are capable of becoming
3/ The vision of one’s self as a result of growing and becoming socialised
4/ Your concept of the person you’d ideally like to be

A

2/ The genetic blueprint of the person you are capable of becoming

21
Q

According to Rogers, ‘self-concept’ is:

1/ The person you have become
2/ The genetic blueprint of the person you are capable of becoming
3/ The vision of one’s self as a result of growing and becoming socialised
4/ Your concept of the person you’d ideally like to be

A

3/ The vision of one’s self as a result of growing and becoming socialised

22
Q

What did Rogers consider the emotional experience that is necessary for optimum development?

1/ Love
2/ Unconditional positive regard
3/ Empathy
4/ Interconnectdness

A

2/ Unconditional positive regard

23
Q

Which of the following statements are not compatible with Rogers’ concept of ‘conditions of worth’?

1/ They are learnt
2/ Are used to evaluate the impact of our future behaviours on others
3/ Are used to evaluate the unconditional positive regard of others
4/ Impact our self-concept

A

3/ Are used to evaluate the unconditional positive regard of others

They are used to evaluate the conditional positive regard of others

24
Q

According to Rogers, our self-concept is:

1/ Socially constructed
2/ Innate
3/ The result of introspection
4/ Unaffected by conditions of worth

A

1/ Socially constructed

25
Q

According to Rogers, which of the below are not compatible with his concept of congruence between the true-self and the self-concept

1/ High congruence is the result of being raised with sufficient unconditional positive regard
2/ The better the match between the two, the more psychologically healthy the adult
3/ The more unconditional positive regard in the environment, the less conditions of worth will be developed
4/ A high level of congruence indicates the individual is either a genius, or a psychopath

A

4/ A high level of congruence indicates the individual is either a genius, or a psychopath

26
Q

According to Rogers, which two of the below are true regarding conditions of worth (CoW)?

1/ Few CoW = high-functioning individual
2/ Many CoW = high-functioning individual
3/ Few CoW = low-functioning individual
4/ Many CoW = low-functioning individual

A

1/ Few CoW = high-functioning individual

4/ Many CoW = low-functioning individual

27
Q

According to Rogers, high-functioning adults are likely to do what regarding their children?

1/ Impose more conditions of worth on them
2/ Impose fewer conditions of worth on them
3/ Have more children
4/ Have fewer children

A

2/ Impose fewer conditions of worth on them

28
Q

Rogers felt that personality development is…

1/ Innate and fixed
2/ Formed in infancy
3/ Formed in infancy and throughout childhood
4/ A lifelong process with people always capable of change

A

4/ A lifelong process with people always capable of change

29
Q

What kind of psychological conditions did Rogers diagnose in his practice?

1/ Manic depression
2/ Schizophrenia
3/ Any that are listed in the latest DSM
4/ None

A

4/ None

Diagnostic labels were excluded from Rogers practice as they imbalanced the client-therapist power dynamic he wanted

30
Q

According to Rogers, what is meant by ‘actualising tendency’

1/ The natural tendency to meet the needs to the organismic self
2/ The natural tendency to experience our lives in actuality
3/ Survival drives
4/ The natural tendency to respond to conditions of worth

A

1/ The natural tendency to meet the needs to the organismic self

31
Q

According to Rogers, what affect do conditions of worth have on our actualising tendencies?

1/ They help fulfil them
2/ They block them
3/ They have no affect on them
4/ Conditions of worth are actually affected by actualising tendencies, not the other way round

A

2/ They block them

32
Q

Which of the below are true of Rogerian counselling? Pick as many as applicable.

1/ Focus on creating an environment conducive for growth.
2/ Focus on uncovering repressed memories from childhood
3/ The aim of therapy is to reduce the gap between the real and ideal selves.
4/ Therapy can be supplemented with psychoactive drugs prescribed by a psychiatrist

A

1/ Focus on creating an environment conducive for growth.

3/ The aim of therapy is to reduce the gap between the real and ideal selves.

33
Q

People training to be Rogerian counsellors must

1/ Have no conditions of worth
2/ Have never had counselling
3/ Attend counselling
4/ Have also trained in psychoanalysis

A

3/ Attend counselling

34
Q

A Rogerian counsellor must

1/ Impose more appropriate conditions of worth on the client
2/ Have unconditional positive regard for the client
3/ Have conditional positive regard for the client
4/ Have fully satisfied their actualising tendencies

A

2/ Have unconditional positive regard for the client

35
Q

Rogers used Q-sort to measure clients’ self concept. What is Q-sort?

1/ A card-sorting method of data collection
2/ A type of factor analysis
3/ A type of hypnosis
4/ A self-report method of data collection

A

1/ A card-sorting method of data collection

36
Q

Humanism is also know as the

1/ First force in psychology
2/ Second force in psychology
3/ Third force in psychology
4/ Fourth force in psychology

A

3/ Third force in psychology

37
Q

What are the five key themes in humanistic psychology

1/ Freewill, Personality, Personal growth, The here and now, Objective experience
2/ Freewill, Personality, Personal growth, The here and now, Subjective experience
3/ Freewill, Personal responsibility, Personal growth, The here and now, Subjective experience
4/ Freewill, Personal responsibility, Personal growth, Self actualisation, Subjective experience

A

3/ Freewill, Personal responsibility, Personal growth, The here and now, Subjective experience

38
Q

According to Rogers, the organismic self is

1/ The ‘real’ part of ourselves that can get obscured by our self-concept
2/ The ‘real’ part of ourselves that is constructed by our self-concept
3/ The ‘false’ part of ourselves that is constructed by our self-concept
4/ A particularly attractive self-actualiser

A

1/ The ‘real’ part of ourselves that can get obscured by our self-concept

39
Q

___________ personality theory tends to view human nature positively, while ___________ personality theory tends to view human nature negatively.

1/ Humanistic; psychoanalytic
2/ Behavioristic; trait
3/ Psychoanalytic; humanistic
4/ Trait; behavioristic

A

1/ Humanistic; psychoanalytic

40
Q

.___________ personality theory focuses on free choice and the potential to blossom, while _________ personality theory emphasize instincts and unconscious forces.

1/ Humanistic; psychoanalytic
2/ Behavioristic; psychoanalytic
3/ Humanistic; behavioristic
4/ Trait; behavioristic

A

1/ Humanistic; psychoanalytic

41
Q

Which of the following is a FALSE statement concerning humanistic psychologists?

1/ They believe humans have free choice.
2/ They view human nature as inherently good.
3/ They focus on the unconscious forces within one’s psyche.
4/ They are concerned with the human experience, problems, potentials, and ideals.

A

3/ They focus on the unconscious forces within one’s psyche.

42
Q

A key element of Carl Rogers’ personality theory is the concept of

1/ Meta-needs.
2/ The self-image.
3/ Self-reinforcement.
4/ The pleasure principle.

A

2/ The self-image.

43
Q

Maslow developed his theory of self-actualisation by

1/ Observing how preschool teachers give attention to different behaviours in boys and girls.
2/ Using projective tests with normal and abnormal subjects.
3/ Studying people who lived unusually effective lives.
4/ Using computer models to simulate human emotional experiences.

A

3/ Studying people who lived unusually effective lives.

44
Q

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of self-actualisers?

1/ They value solitude and are comfortable being alone.
2/ Their interpersonal relationships are marked by deep, loving bonds.
3/ They rely on external authorities within society for behavioural guidelines.
4/ They judge situations correctly and honestly.

A

3/ They rely on external authorities within society for behavioural guidelines.

MSc Psychology: Individual Differences (5 decks)

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