Training for Anaerobic and Aerobic Power

Question 1

Describe the different physical activities, and their duration, intensity and which energy transfer systems are activated

Answer 1

1. ATP (last for 0-4s) for Strength and Power
   - power lift, high jump, javelin throw, golf swing, tennis serve
2. ATP-PCR (immediate; lasts for 8 seconds ) -Sustained power
   - sprints, fast breaks, football line play, gymnastics routine
3. ATP + PCR + Lactic Acid (last for up to 1 min) Anaerobic power-endurance
   - 200-400 m dash, 100m swim
4. Electron Transport -Oxidative Phoshphorylation (up to 3 mins)
   - Aerobic endurance (beyond 800 m run)

Question 2

Explain the purpose of exercise training principle and how both men and women adapt to training

Answer 2

Exercise training - important for Stimulating structural and Functional adaptations to IMPROVE performance in specific physical tasks (ex: increase cross sectional area for power; or increase motor unit recruitment to fire faster
-The basic approach to physiologic conditioning applies SIMILARLY to men and women within a broad age range ; *Both respond and adapt to training in essentially the same way.

Question 3

Describe the overload principle and also mention how to achieve health-related benefits of exercise

Answer 3

Overload principle:
Regular application of specific exercise Overload Enhances physiologic function to induce training response
you must overload the system to get response from system (muscle tears or fractures must occur to activate satellite cells and repair bone to make bones stronger and thicker)
-Exercising at Intensities Higher than normal stimulates highly specific adaptations, so the body functions more Efficiently
-Achieving health-related benefits of regular exercise requires LOWER exercise intensity and INCREASED DURATION the required to improve aerobic fitness.

Question 4

Define the specificity principles. Also discuss what SAID is.

Answer 4

Specificity Principle
-Exercise training specificity refers to adaptations in metabolic and physiologic functions that depend upon the type and mode of Overload imposed
(whatever muscle you engage or overload, that will adapt)
-The most effective evaluation of sport-specific performance occurs when laboratory measurement most closely stimulates actual sport activity and/or uses the muscle mass and movement patterns required by the sport.
Specificity refers to Specific Adaptations to Imposed Demands (SAID)

Question 5

What. must overload achieve when training for specific Aerobic activities? What creates the lowest vs greatest improvement?

Answer 5

When training for Specific Aerobic activities, the overload must:

• Engage the appropriate muscles required by the activity
• Provide exercise at a level sufficient to Stress the Cardiovascular System

LITTLE improvement occurs when measuring aerobic capacity with DISSIMILAR Exercise
The GREATEST improvement occurs when Test exercise duplicates the Training exercise (in order to become better sprint swimmer, you need to be able to

Question 6

What happens when you overload specific muscles with endurance training? Also describe the reasons for greater blood flow to tissues, and when these adaptations occur.

Answer 6

Specificity of Local changes

• overloading specific muscle groups with endurance training ENHANCES exercise performance and Aerobic Power by facilitation Oxygen transport and Oxygen use at LOCAL level of trained muscles
• May result form Greater blood flow in active muscles due to:
• Increased microcirculation
• More effective redistribution of cardiac output
• The combined effect of both factors

These adaptations occur only in SPECIFICALLY trained muscles and only become apparent in exercise that activates this musculature.

Question 7

Describe the components of the individual differences principle. Also discuss when benefits of optimal training occurs

Answer 7

Individual Differences Principle:
-All individuals do NOT respond similarly to a given training stimulus
(everyone still respond same to training as they all get benefits of training when overloading system)
-when a relatively homogenous group begins a regimen of exercise training, one CANNOT expect each person to achieve the SAME State of fitness after 10 or 12 weeks
-Optimal training benefits occur when exercise programs Focus on Individual needs and capacities of participants

Question 8

Describe the components of reversibility principle and how athletes are also affected by it and their solutions

Answer 8

Reversibility principle:

• DETRAINING occurs rapidly when a person terminates participation in regular physical activity
• Only 1 or 2 weeks of detraining Reduces both metabolic and exercise capacity, with many training improvements fully lost within several weeks
• Even among highly trained athletes, the beneficial effects of many years of prior exercise training remains Transient and reversible
• most athletes begin a RECONDITIONING Program several months prior to start of competitive season or maintain some moderate level of off-season, sport-specific training to SLOW the decline.

Question 9

Describe the changes to anaerobic system that occur with training

Answer 9

Important changes that occur with anaerobic power training;

• Increased levels of anaerobic substances
• Increased Quantity and Activity of key enzymes that control the anaerobic phase of glucose catabolism
• Increased Capacity to generate high levels of blood lactate during all-out exercise

you also increase glycolytic capacity, PCr, ATP

Question 10

Expalin how the Aerobic system changes with training. Be sure to include the effects of metabolic machinery. What allows for one to have higher percentage of aerobic capacity?

Answer 10

Aerobic training changes with training:

• Aerobic training improves the Capacity for Respiratory Control in skeletal muscle
• Metabolic Machinery- endurance-trained skeletal muscle fibers contain LARGER and more Numerous Mitochondria than Less active fibers
• This greatly increases the capacity of Subsarcolemmal and intermyofibrillar muscle mitochondria to generate ATP
• INCREASED MITOCHONDRIAL Material , NOT Increased enzymatic activity- allows a person to Sustain in higher percentage of aerobic capacity during prolonged exercise without blood lactate accumulation .

Question 11

Describe how fat metabolism changes aerobic system in training

Answer 11

Fat metabolism- Endurance training INCREASES the Oxidation of Fatty acids (lipolysis) for energy during rest and submaximal exercise (save glycogen stores)

Question 12

What are the factors that contribute to a heightened training induced increased lipolysis?

Answer 12

Factors that contribute to heightened training-induced increased lipolysis:

• GREATER Blood flow within trained muscle
• More Fat-mobilizing and fat-metabolizing enzymes
• ENHANCED muscle mitochondrial respiratory capacity -DECREASED Catecholamine release for the SAME Absolute power output.

Question 13

Describe the changes in aerobic system that occur regarding carbohydrate metabolism. Also discuss how carbohydrate is reduced and fatty acid combustion is increased with endurance training.

Answer 13

Carbohydrate Metabolism: trained muscle exhibits ENHANCED capacity to Oxidize carbohydrate during maximal exercise
(aerobic training leads to more Carbodhyrate use during training) When overload system, primarily burn carb as fuel.
-Reduced carbohydrate as Fuel, and Increased fatty acid combustion in sub maximal exercise with endurance training results from the combined effects of the following:
-DECREASED muscle glycogen use
-REDUCED glucose production
-REDUCED use of plasma-borne glucose
(at rest, you are burning fat; during exercise you will use fat as fuel)

Question 14

Describe the changes in muscle fibers that occur in aerobic system with training. How does each fiber change? What do slow-twitch muscle fibers contain?

Answer 14

Muscle fibers- Aerobic training elicits metabolic Adaptations in each muscle fiber type
-ALL Fibers MAXIMIZE their already-existing aerobic Potential
-Highly trained endurance athletes have LARGER Slow-twitch fibers ; FAST-TWITCH fibers of athletes trained in ANAEROBIC POWER activities occupy a GREATER portion of muscle’s Cross-sectional area.
Slow-twitch muscle fibers with High capacity to generate ATP aerobically contain relatively LARGE quantities of MYOGLOBIN

Question 15

What kind of adaptations are important in aerobic system?

Answer 15

adaptations in cardiovascular function with aerobic system
-important for aging successfully (keep you alive and healthy)
have to make sure above submaximal zone (80%)

Question 16

Describe how the size of heart Changes after aerobic training. Also include why this heart Changes. Compare heart size to endurance athletes versus sedentary individuals

Answer 16

long term aerobic training INCREASES the heart’s Mass and Volume with Greater Left-Ventricular End-Diastolic volumes during rest and exercise

• This ENLARGMENT is characterized by ECCENTRIC hypertrophy (Increased size of the left ventricular cavity) and CONCENTRIC hypertrophy (increased Thickening of left ventricle)
• Endurance athletes average a 25% LARGER heart volume than sedentary counterparts
• Training duration affects cardiac SIZE and STRUCTURE

Question 17

Differentiate between the effects of chronic stress and temporary stress on the heart.

Answer 17

Chronic stress- Disease can induce considerable cardiac Enlargement and this hypertrophied heart represents an Enlarged, Distended, and functionally Inadequate organ unable to deliver sufficient blood to satisfy minimal resting requirements.
Temporary stress- Exercise training imposes only a temporary Myocardial stress, so rest period provide time for RECUPERATION and demonstrates normal systolic and diastolic functions and SUPERIOR functional capacity to stroke volume and cardiac output.

Question 18

Differentiate between functional vs pathological hypertrophy

Answer 18

Athletes that are endurance trained will have cardiac hypertrophy - Functional because they increase cardiac output (not just during exercise)
Pathological hypertrophy - heart cannot deliver amount of oxygen needed for the to muscle, so body responds to increase size of heart and be able to increase ejection fraction (but not getting ejection fraction)
person who is sick, body is trying to respond same way, but NOT getting result
Functional hypetrophy- temporary stress while exercising. at rest, the trained athletes are not under stress, so hypertrophy can be reversible; , the trained individuals have normal systolic, diastolic function

pathological hypertrophy- Chronic stress; sometimes not reversible by the time it is caught. This is induced because of stress of heart, and trying to compensate SV, cardiac output still increased while at rest. .

Question 19

Describe how training affects ventilatory endurance. How does exercise benefit from sustained inspiratory pressure?

Answer 19

Exercise training allows for Sustained, Exceptionally high levels of sub maximum ventilation

• Exercise training also *increases INSPIRATORY MUSCLE CAPACITY to generate force and sustain a level of Inspiratory pressure, benefiting exercise performance by:
• Reducing overall exercise energy demands because of less respiratory work
• Reducing lactate production by the ventilatory muscles during intense, prolonged exercise
• Enhancing how ventilatory muscles metabolize circulating lactate as metabolic fuel
• increasing inspiratory strength and enhancing aerobic ability so less lactate produced by them during exercise.

Question 20

How does endurance training affect blood lactate concentration?

Answer 20

Endurance training LOWERS blood lactate levels and extends exercise before onset of blood lactate accumulation during exercise of INCREASING Intensity by:

• Decreasing the rate of Lactate Formation during exercising
• Increasing the rate of Lactate CLEARANCE during exercise
• COMBINED Effects of decreasing lactate formation and increasing lactate removal
• it takes longer for lactate to appear in trained athletes because of decreased rate of formation and increased rate of clearance

Question 21

Describe the response that occurs with pre and post-training during graded exercise

Answer 21

For endurance training, it takes LONGER (closer to VO2 max) to see increases in blood lactate for trained individuals compared to untrained individuals
For Anaerobic training- you have an INCREASED CAPACITY to generate Lactate during exercise (increase glycolytic capacity)

Question 22

Describe the other aerobic training adaptations that occur. Explain the psychological benefits of aerobic training?

Answer 22

Other Aerobic training adaptations:

• Body Composition changes (conservation of lean tissue; increasing Fat free mass)
• Body Heat Transfer (Larger plasma volume and more responsive to thermoregulatory (mechanisms)
• Perfomance changes (intensity, duration)
• take longer to reach higher intensity; as you have to work harder
• Psychological benefits (often comparable to pharmacological interventions) :
• Reduction in State of Anxiety
• Reduction in neuroticism (negative emotions)
• Adjunct (substitute) to professional treatment ; like form a therapy
• Improvement in mood, self-esteem, and self-concept
• reduction in the various indices of stress.

Question 23

Describe the factors that affect Aerobic training Responses

Answer 23

Factors that Affect Aerobic Training Responses:

• Initial level of aerobic fitness (less training, more room for improvement)
• Training INTENSITY (VO2 max, HR will change) sub maximal- no response, since you’re not overloading
• Training Frequency
• Training Duration
• the father you are from being fit, the more response you get from training and easier it is for response (while closer you are to being fit, the harder you have to work)

Question 24

What do training adaptations rely on? Also describe ways of expressing exercise intensity

Answer 24

Training-induced adaptations rely on INTENSITY of Overload

• Ways to express exercise intensity:
• energy expended per unit time
• Absolute exercise level or power output
• Relative metabolic level expressed as % of VO2 max
• Exercise below, at, above lactate threshold or OBLA
• Exercise heart rate or percent of maximum heart are
• Multiples of resting metabolic rate
• Rating of perceived exertion

Question 25

Describe how one trains at percentage of HR max. Also discuss the karvonen method and how to achieve desired heart rate

Answer 25

Aerobic capacity improves, if exercise intensity regularly maintains heart rate between 55 and 70% of maximum (CONVERSATiONAL EXERCISE)
-during lower-body exercise, this heart rate increase equals about 40-55% of the VO2 max.
Karvonen method: HR threshold= HR rest + 0.60 (HR max- HR rest)
To keep pace with physiologic improvement as aerobic fitness improves, the exercise level must increase periodically to achieve the desired exercise heart rate
-If exercise intensity progression does NOT adjust to training improvements, the exercise program essentially becomes lower-intensity MAINTENANCE program
-it takes longer for tr aimed individuals to reach higher heart rate, since they are adapting to training

Question 26

Explain how maximum heart rates are estimated.

Answer 26

Estimated maximum Heart Rates:
Age predicted maximum heart: HR Max = 220- age (y)
Modified equation: HR max= 206.9-0.67 x age (y)

Question 27

What happens to one’s maximum heart rate as people age? Why is this important?

Answer 27

As we age (get older), one’s maximum heart rate DECREASES, hence why we must make sure we are in correct training zone, to get a response

Question 28

Differentiate between strenuous vs less intense training, including the benefits of both

Answer 28

Strenuous vs less intense training:
Generally: The Greater intensity, greater the training improvement “Ceiling”
-*More does NOT necessary produce greater results:
-you get increased risk for injury to bones, joints and muscles
-number of running injuries correlate with number of miles run/week
-preadolescent children- running excessive distance strains the articular cartilage (can injure the bone’s growth plate)
Longer the exercise duration OFFSETS lower exercise
intensity

Question 29

Explain the effect of training at perception of efforts, and also include the purpose of a “ talk test”

Answer 29

Training at perception of Effort:

• utilizing the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) allows the exerciser to rate on a numerical scale perceived feelings relative to exertion level.
• Exercise that corresponds to higher levels of energy expenditure and physiologic strain produces HIGHER RPE ratings
• Also, a simple “Talk test: that asks whether comfortable speech is possible produces exercise intensities within accepted guidelines for exercise prescription for treadmill and cycle ergometer exercise

Question 30

What is the purpose of the Borg scale

Answer 30

Borg Scale- refers to measure of RPE (rating of perceived exertion)- way of measuring physical activity intensity level
-(perceived exertion- how you feel your body is working)
Ex: based on how you describe how light or hard the physical activity is, will be able to see which percent you are for equivalent HR and VO2 max

Question 31

Describe the effects of training at lactate threshold

Answer 31

Exercising at or slightly above lactate threshold (to get training adaptation)
-the higher exercise levels produce the GREATEST benefits, particularly for fit individuals
-Blood lactate/exercise intensity relationship would be evaluated with intensity adjusted as fitness improves
-A distinction between percent HR max and lactate threshold;
-% HR Max method establishes a level of exercise stress to overload CENTRAL CIRCULATION (CV system)
- Exercise intensity from lactate threshold reflects the capability of PERIPHERAL VASCULATURE and active musics to sustain steady-rate aerobic metabolism.
based on parameter chosen, get different training adaptations

Question 32

Describe the training duration for individuals who exercise.

Answer 32

Training duration: VARIES

• NO threshold duration per workout exists for optimal aerobic improvement
• If a threshold exits, it likely depends on th interaction of total work accomplished, exercise intensity, training frequency, and Initial fitness level.
• importance of interindividuation (everyone’s body is different, training must be specific for one’s body)

Question 33

Describe the benefits of a training frequency, including what leads to meaningful weight loss.

Answer 33

As with training duration, More Frequent training produces beneficial effects when training occurs at Lower intensity

• Extra quantity of exercise often represents a considerable caloric expenditure with concomitant improvements in well being and health
• to produce meaningful weight loss through exercise, each exercise should last at least 60 minutes at sufficient intensity to expend 300 Kcal or more
• Typical aerobic training programs take place 3 days week, usually with a rest day, separating workout days.

Question 34

Explain the contributors to exercise mode and how it can be independent of training. Also discuss sports that can all overload aerobic system.

Answer 34

Exercise mode:

• maintaining Constancy for exercise intensity, duration and frequency produces a SIMILAR training response INDEPENDENT of training mode, provided exercise involves relatively large muscle groups. (training mode won’t matter)
• Bicycling, walking, running, rowing, swimming, in-line skating, rope skipping, bench-stepping, stair climbing, and stimulated arm-leg climbing all provide Excellent overload for the aerobic system
• Based on the specificity concept, the magnitude of training improvement Varies considerably depending on training and test mode

Question 35

Describe the relationship between trainability and genes, including how genetics play a role in one’s training abilities.

Answer 35

Trainability and genes
-A strenuous exercise program ENHANCES a person’s level of fitness Regardless of genetic background
-The limits for developing fitness Capacity appear to link closely to NATURAL Endowment
-A genotype dependency exists for much of one’s Sensitivity in responding to maximal Aerobic and anaerobic power training, including adaptations of most muscle Enzymes.
(some individuals are more trainable than others; however we all still respond to training the same)

Question 36

How do twins react to training?

Answer 36

The closer the r value is to 1, the better correlation is seen between how twin responds.
-for instance, if twin A is a good responder to training, the other twin will also be a good responder to training.

Question 37

Explain the reason why training individuals or athletes taper training, including the taper period and how to maximize performance gains, also discuss the benefits of tapering period.

Answer 37

Tapering for Peak performance

• Before major competition, athletes TAPER (ex: reduce training volume, increase intensity or vice versa) training Intensity and or Volume to Reduce physiologic and psychologic stress of training and optimize performance
• Taper period and alterations in training vary by sport
• 1 -3 week taper which reduces training volume by 40-60% while maintaining training intensity (keep intensity same, and reduce number of sessions) is the most efficient way to maximize performance gains
• From a physiologic perspective, 4-7 days provides sufficient time for maximum Muscle and Liver Glycogen Replenishment, Optimal nutritional support and restoration, alleviation of residual muscle soreness, and Healing of minor injuries

Question 38

Explain the use of Intramuscular High energy phosphate in training.

Answer 38

Intramuscular High-energy phosphates (ATP- Phosphocreatine (PCr)

• Engaging specific muscles in repeated 5 to 10-second maximum bursts of effort overloads energy transfer from the intramuscular High-energy phosphates ATP and PCr.
• The use of brief, all-out exercise bursts interspersed with recovery represents a highly specific application of interval training to Anaerobic conditioning.
• Physical activities to enhance ATP-PCr energy transfer capacity must engage sport-specific muscles at movement speed and power output SIMILAR to performance of sport itself.

Question 39

describe how training leads to generating lactate capacity.

Answer 39

Lactate-generating capacity=

• To improve energy transfer capacity by the short-term lactic acid energy system, anaerobic training must OVERLOAD this aspect of energy metabolism
• Blood lactate resists to near peak levels with 1- minute maximum exercise (high intensity, ex: sprinting ) and by repeating this (exercise again) after 3-5 minutes recovery, it causes LACTATE STACKING, producing Higher blood lactate level (cumulative level of lactate) than just one-all out exhaustive effort
• One must exercise the specific muscle groups that require Enhanced anaerobic function

Question 40

Describe the factors that formulate Aerobic training, and include what enhances aerobic capacity. What methods improve aerobic fitness?

Answer 40

Factors in formulating aerobic training:
-CARDIOVASCULAR Overload must be intense enough to increase STROKE VOLUME and Cardiac Output
- Cardiovascular overlaid must occur from Activation of Sport-Specific muscle groups to enhance local circulation and muscle’s Metabolic Machinery
Brief bouts of repeated exercise and continuous, long-duration efforts Enhance aerobic capacity, provided they reach sufficient intensity to overload aerobic system,
-interval , continuous (doing exercise in HR zone) , and Fartlek training repent three methods to improve aerobic fitness.

Question 41

What are the goals of aerobic training ?

Answer 41

Goals of aerobic training:

1. Develop functional capacity of central circulation
2. Enhance the aerobic capacity of specific muscles
   - this occur with delivery of oxygen from red blood cells, and releasing oxygen to active muscle.

Question 42

Describe what occurs in interval training and components involved.

Answer 42

Interval Training
-Repeated 10-second exercise bouts permit completion of Intense exercise Without appreciable Lactate buildup, because intramuscular high-energy phosphates provide the primary energy source
-Minimal Fatigue develops during the predominantly ALACTIC exercise interval and recovery progresses rapidly.
Exercise intensity must activate the particular energy systems that require improvement
-interval training good for people who play soccer (dribbling, running)

Question 43

Describe what occurs in continuous training and which type of individuals this training is suitable for.

Answer 43

Continuous training
-involves Steady-paced, prolonged exercise at either Moderate, or high aerobic intensity, usually 60-80% VO2 max
-The exact pace can Vary, but it must minimally meet *threshold intensity to ensure AEROBIC Physiologic Adaptations
-Continuous training ideally suits novices (newly exercisers) who wish to accumulate a large caloric expenditure for weight loss
-It also allows endurance athletes to exercise at nearly SAME Intensity as actual competition
-

Question 44

Discuss Fartlek training and the benefits associated with it.

Answer 44

Fartlek Training:

• Fartlek, a Swedish word meaning “speed play”; uses ALTERNATE RUNNING at fast and slow speeds over level and hilly terrain
• The performer determines the training schema based on how it feels at the time, similar to gauging exercise intensity based on one’s RPE
• Fartlek training provides ideal general conditioning and off-season training strategies and adds freedom and variety to workouts. (good way to keep fit during off-season, and prevent detraining)

Question 45

Describe what occurs in overturning and what consequences can happen.

Answer 45

Overtraining:
-represents when athletes fail to endure and adapt to training, so that Normal exercise performance deteriorates, and they encounter increasing difficulty fully recovering from workout.
Overtraining also relates to increased Incidence of infections and injuries, persistent muscle soreness, and general malaise and loss of interest in sustaining high-level training

Question 46

What are the two clinical forms of overtraining?

Answer 46

Two clinical forms of overtraining have been described;

1. SYMPATHETIC Form (increased sympathetic activity during rest- overexcitability, restlessness, impaired exercise performance- psychological/emotional stress)
2. PARASYMPATHETIC form (predominance of Vagal activity(increased vagal activity) at rest and and exercise- “overreaching”- excessive and protracted exercise overload with inadequate recovery and rest.

Question 47

Explain the terms (Overload, overreaching and Overtraining syndrome) and what each term entails.

Answer 47

Terms related to overtraining syndrome:
- Overload; A planned, systematic and progressive increase in training to improve performance
-Overreaching- Unplanned, Excessive overload with Inadequate rest. Poor performance is observed in training and competition. Successful recovery should result from short-term interventions
Overtraining syndrome- Untreated Overreaching that produces LONG-TERM Decreased Performance and impaired ability to train. Other associated problems may require medical attention.

Question 48

What are the significant effects of Overtraining?

Answer 48

Significant effects of Overtraining:

• Functional impairments in the Hypothalamo-Pituitary- gonadal and adrenal axes and sympathetic neuroendocrine system reflected by depressed urinary excretion of norepinephrine and a desensitization of the Beta 2-adrenergic system
• Exercise-induced increases in adrenocorticotropic hormone and growth hormone and decreases in cortisol and insulin levels
• In some was, the syndrome reflects the body’s attempt to provide the athlete with an appropriate recuperative period form intense training and cooperation (trying to force the individual’s body to recover)

Question 49

What happens to Tesosterone and cortisol levels when one onvertrains?

Answer 49

Testosterone and cortisol levels DECREASE as one overtrains.

Question 50

Explain the factors that may likely occur in physically active women. Also provide two hypotheses as to why these factors arise.

Answer 50

Physically active women increase their likelihood for:
-Delayed onset of menstruation (pre-puberty)
-Oligomenorrhea (DECREASED menstruation frequency)
-Amenorrhea (ABSENCE of menstruation)
both oligomenorrhea and amenorrhea occur after puberty
-Two possible hypotheses:
-Exercise stress hypothesis: Prolonged physical stress may disrupt hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and modify output of Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
-Energy Availability Hypothesis: Fat reserves INADEQUATE for pregnancy Stop Ovulation

Question 51

what are the factors that lead to Overtraining syndrome?

Answer 51

Factors leading to Overtraining syndrome:
-Inadequate recovery, combined with increased levels of training (frequency, duration and intensity) , neuromuscular overload decreased neurons function and decrease exercise performance
decreased sympathetic mode, which decreases response of Beta-adrenoreceptor, which leads to peripheral fatigue and impaired exercise
metabolic overload, leading to glycogen depletion, causing amino acid imbalance (burn protein as fuel)
psychological overload- affect hypothalamic-pituitary function and impair exercise performance
adrenal overload- decreased cortisol which affects hypothalamic-pituitary function

Question 52

How can overtraining be prevented?

Answer 52

Overtraining can be prevented by proper oversight of training.