Training adaptations to strength/power - muscle 3

Question 1

Define muscle hyperplasia

Answer 1

Longitudinal splitting and lateral budding been seen.

Question 2

Powerlifters have reported to have more muscle fibres. TRUE or FALSE?

Answer 2

TRUE

Question 3

What change/feature from hyperplasia in the single muscle fibre is seen with a biopsy?

Answer 3

“Feathering”

Question 4

In humans, is hyperplasia or hypertrophy more important?

Answer 4

Hypertrophy

Question 5

Skeletal muscles are dynamic tissues whos cells do not remain as a fixed population throughout life. TRUE or FALSE

Answer 5

TRUE

Question 6

How do muscles alter their phenotypic profile?

Answer 6

Undergo regeneration and remodeling to diverse functional demands.

Question 7

What do satellite cells do?

Answer 7

Donate material for the change to nucleus, so that new tissue has more e.g strength.

Question 8

Activation of muscle via specific types and intensities of long-term use stimulates what type of cell to proliferate and differentiate?

Answer 8

Dormant Myogenic stem cells

Question 9

List the fast twitch fibre’s in order from highest force rating to lowest.

Answer 9

IIx, IIax, IIa, IIac, IIc.

Question 10

List the slow twitch fibre’s in order from highest force rating to lowest (lowest endurance to highest endurance)

Answer 10

Ic, I.

Question 11

What muscle fibre transition happens with resistance training?

Answer 11

Transition from IIx to IIa - More force to be produced over time.

Question 12

What is a positive and a negative of type IIx fibre?

Answer 12

Positive = stronger. Negative = High fatigability renders less useful, and recruited last.

Question 13

TRUE or FALSE? Detraining causes a pattern back to IIx fibres.

Answer 13

TRUE

Question 14

Is there evidence of transitions between types I and II?

Answer 14

NO

Question 15

What determines a muscles functional capacity?

Answer 15

The ratio of fibre types in the muscle.

Question 16

What athletes have a larger % of type 1 fibres?

Answer 16

Endurance athletes

Question 17

What athletes have a larger % of type II fibres?

Answer 17

Strength/power athletes

Question 18

What muscular adaptations do you see in the first 6 weeks of resistance training?

Answer 18

Increased:

• myofibrillar volume
• cytoplasmic density
• sarcoplasmic reticulum and t-tubule density
• sodium/potassium ATPase activity.

Question 19

What other muscular adaptation is seen from sprint training?

Answer 19

enhances calcium release

Question 20

What happens to the mitochondrial density as an adaptation to training?

Answer 20

Reduces

Question 21

Why do we see a decreased capillary density with heavy training?

Answer 21

Due to muscle hypertrophy. Same amount but being spread amongst greater CSA.

Question 22

What sort of training will increase capillary density?

Answer 22

High volume

Question 23

What happens to the buffering capacity, the high energy phosphate stores and muscle glycogen as an adaptation to resistance training?

Answer 23

All increase.

Question 24

TRUE or FALSE? a muscular adaptation includes changes in muscle substrate content and enzyme activity.

Answer 24

TRUE

Question 25

By how much does resistance training increase pennation angle of the muscle?

Answer 25

2-5 degrees

Question 26

Why does the pennation angle increase?

Answer 26

hypertrophy causes increased CSA and thickens fibre.

Question 27

If angle increases too much this may limit force production, why is this?

Answer 27

Fibres are not pulling in line with tendon. - hence extreme hypertrophy may actually limit force.

Question 28

Which enzymes are enhanced from resistance training?

Answer 28

• Adenylate Kinase (2ATP from 2ADP)
• Creatine Kinase
• Muscle glycogen stores
• PFK

Question 29

TRUE or False? Heavy resistance training increases ATP-PC enzymes?

Answer 29

FALSE - it does not.

Question 30

Why are ATP-PC enzymes not stimulatesd?

Answer 30

Very short duration sets (<6s).

Question 31

What happens to the concentration of enzymes per unit muscle due to hypertrophy?

Answer 31

Reduces - watered down.

Question 32

Why are aerobic enzymes needed in resistance exercise?

Answer 32

For recovery and strength endurance.

Question 33

What sort of training increases aerobic enzymes?

Answer 33

High volume, short rest periods and moderate intensity.