Sex differences in S and C

Question 1

Before puberty what are the differences in height, weight and body size between males and females?

Answer 1

No differences

Question 2

How much more % body fat do women have compared to men?

Answer 2

10%

Question 3

What part of the body do men have more body mass compared to women?

Answer 3

Upper body

Question 4

What fraction of strength do women have compared to men?

Answer 4

2/3

Question 5

What is the women upper body absolute of males in %?

Answer 5

60-40%

Question 6

What is the women lower body absolute of males in %?

Answer 6

75-70%

Question 7

TRUE or FALSE. Women have similar muscle fibre numbers to men, BUT, we do not know exactly if this is true.

Answer 7

TRUE

Question 8

What % lower overall is womens relative strength to males?

Answer 8

5-25% lower

Question 9

Are females lower body strength per body mass the same or lower than males?

Answer 9

Same

Question 10

What is the kg of force per cm squared of muscle in males and females?

Answer 10

3-4kg

Question 11

When strength is expressed relative to FFM/CSA what are the differences between males and females in relative strength?

Answer 11

No differences

Question 12

Why are males and females equal when you consider FFM?

Answer 12

Removing dead weight penalty.

Question 13

When strength is relative to cross sectional area, what do the results indicate?

Answer 13

Muscle quality is not sex specific

Question 14

Do men outperform women in absolute performance?

Answer 14

yes

Question 15

What is the rule in terms of female athletes and how much slower they go?

Answer 15

The elite 10% rule

Question 16

What fraction of power do women have of men?

Answer 16

2/3

Question 17

What tests are used to identify the difference in absolute power?

Answer 17

power tests - olympic lifts
Jump height/length
Sprint speed

Question 18

What differences penalize females on performance tests for relative power?

Answer 18

Body composition differences

Question 19

What is the difference between males and females for power per unit BW?

Answer 19

Males > Females

Question 20

What contributes to males having more power per unit BW?

Answer 20

Less fat mass to move

Question 21

What are the differences between males and females for power per unit FFM/LBM?

Answer 21

No differences

Question 22

Why do females have smaller angles of pennation?

Answer 22

Due to smaller CSA

Question 23

Why might the smaller pennation angle be more efficient for females?

Answer 23

Parallel with angle of pull

Question 24

Why does Oestradiol have lesser effects than testosterone?

Answer 24

Slightly less potent an anabolic hormone than testosterone

Question 25

What difference in testosterone is seen in females than males?

Answer 25

Acute changes in testosterone is less in females

Question 26

What hormones are more important in females?

Answer 26

HgH, IGF-1

Question 27

What are the differences in growth hormone response after exercise in males and females?

Answer 27

Similar response in males and females

Question 28

Can women increase their strength/power at the same rate as men?

Answer 28

YES! -or even faster

Question 29

Is the gain in absolute strength greater in men or women?

Answer 29

Women

Question 30

The fact that the training gain in absolute strength is greater in women, what does training do to the differences in relative strength?

Answer 30

Training may remove the differences between male and female in relative strength

Question 31

Why may there be less absolute hypertrophy growth in muscle mass in females?

Answer 31

They tend to use low weight and high reps to avoid hypertrophy

Question 32

Relative growth differences are unclear for hypertrophy, there is a similar transition of type IIx to type IIa, but males have greater hypertrophy then females, what might this be because of?

Answer 32

Testosterone

Question 33

What are the female body composition changes from training?

Answer 33

- muscle mass increases - body fat % decreases - waist/limb circumference may decrease - bone density increases - tendon density increases

Question 34

What absolute loads and relative loads compared to men should females be doing?

Answer 34

``` Absolute loads = lower than males Relative loading (%1RM) = similar as for males ```

Question 35

What injuries do women have high amounts of?

Answer 35

Knee injuries - ACL weakness

Question 36

Which phase of the menstrual cycle are there higher amounts of oestrogen?

Answer 36

Follicular phase

Question 37

Why may it be good to perform in the follicular phase?

Answer 37

A more anabolic environment