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Strength and Conditioning > Sex differences in S and C > Flashcards

Sex differences in S and C Flashcards

1
Q

Before puberty what are the differences in height, weight and body size between males and females?

A

No differences

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2
Q

How much more % body fat do women have compared to men?

A

10%

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3
Q

What part of the body do men have more body mass compared to women?

A

Upper body

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4
Q

What fraction of strength do women have compared to men?

A

2/3

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5
Q

What is the women upper body absolute of males in %?

A

60-40%

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6
Q

What is the women lower body absolute of males in %?

A

75-70%

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7
Q

TRUE or FALSE. Women have similar muscle fibre numbers to men, BUT, we do not know exactly if this is true.

A

TRUE

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8
Q

What % lower overall is womens relative strength to males?

A

5-25% lower

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9
Q

Are females lower body strength per body mass the same or lower than males?

A

Same

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10
Q

What is the kg of force per cm squared of muscle in males and females?

A

3-4kg

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11
Q

When strength is expressed relative to FFM/CSA what are the differences between males and females in relative strength?

A

No differences

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12
Q

Why are males and females equal when you consider FFM?

A

Removing dead weight penalty.

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13
Q

When strength is relative to cross sectional area, what do the results indicate?

A

Muscle quality is not sex specific

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14
Q

Do men outperform women in absolute performance?

A

yes

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15
Q

What is the rule in terms of female athletes and how much slower they go?

A

The elite 10% rule

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16
Q

What fraction of power do women have of men?

A

2/3

17
Q

What tests are used to identify the difference in absolute power?

A

power tests - olympic lifts
Jump height/length
Sprint speed

18
Q

What differences penalize females on performance tests for relative power?

A

Body composition differences

19
Q

What is the difference between males and females for power per unit BW?

A

Males > Females

20
Q

What contributes to males having more power per unit BW?

A

Less fat mass to move

21
Q

What are the differences between males and females for power per unit FFM/LBM?

A

No differences

22
Q

Why do females have smaller angles of pennation?

A

Due to smaller CSA

23
Q

Why might the smaller pennation angle be more efficient for females?

A

Parallel with angle of pull

24
Q

Why does Oestradiol have lesser effects than testosterone?

A

Slightly less potent an anabolic hormone than testosterone

25
Q

What difference in testosterone is seen in females than males?

A

Acute changes in testosterone is less in females

26
Q

What hormones are more important in females?

A

HgH, IGF-1

27
Q

What are the differences in growth hormone response after exercise in males and females?

A

Similar response in males and females

28
Q

Can women increase their strength/power at the same rate as men?

A

YES! -or even faster

29
Q

Is the gain in absolute strength greater in men or women?

A

Women

30
Q

The fact that the training gain in absolute strength is greater in women, what does training do to the differences in relative strength?

A

Training may remove the differences between male and female in relative strength

31
Q

Why may there be less absolute hypertrophy growth in muscle mass in females?

A

They tend to use low weight and high reps to avoid hypertrophy

32
Q

Relative growth differences are unclear for hypertrophy, there is a similar transition of type IIx to type IIa, but males have greater hypertrophy then females, what might this be because of?

A

Testosterone

33
Q

What are the female body composition changes from training?

A
  • muscle mass increases
  • body fat % decreases
  • waist/limb circumference may decrease
  • bone density increases
  • tendon density increases
34
Q

What absolute loads and relative loads compared to men should females be doing?

A 
Absolute loads = lower than males
Relative loading (%1RM) = similar as for males
35
Q

What injuries do women have high amounts of?

A

Knee injuries - ACL weakness

36
Q

Which phase of the menstrual cycle are there higher amounts of oestrogen?

A

Follicular phase

37
Q

Why may it be good to perform in the follicular phase?

A

A more anabolic environment

Strength and Conditioning (16 decks)

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