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CRRAB II- Week 4 > Tracthe: Control of Ventillation > Flashcards

Tracthe: Control of Ventillation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major sensors controlling respiration?

A

Central controller

Peripheral sensors (chemoreceptors)

Efferent mechanisms (nerves and muscles)

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2
Q

Where is the central controller located?

A

Brainstem (Pons and medulla)

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3
Q

What is unique about the cells of the central controller?

A

UNSTABLE resting membrane potentials (pacemaker activity)

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4
Q

How can the cortex increase or decrease breathing?

A

OVERRIDES the brainstem

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5
Q

What affect do panic attacks have on Pco2

A

HALVE it

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6
Q

How much does alveolar ventilation need to be increased to half PCO2?

A

Double

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7
Q

What are the most important sensors in day to day regulation of ventilation?

A

Central chemoreceptors

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8
Q

What do the central chemoreceptors do?

A

Respond to pH

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9
Q

What and where are the peripheral chemoreceptors located?

A

Carotid bodies in the Aortic arch

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10
Q

What do the peripheral chemoreceptors respond to?

A

PCO2 and PO2

AND

pH

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11
Q

What are the lung receptors?

A

Stretch receptors
irritant receptors
J receptors
Bronchial C fibers

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12
Q

What stimulates the central pH receptors?

A

increase in H

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13
Q

What affect does alkalosis have on respiration?

A

SUPPRESSES it

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14
Q

What surrounds the central pH receptors?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

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15
Q

How does H stimulate the central pH receptor?

A

H can’t cross the BBB>
CO2 diffuses across and is converted to CA by carbonic anhydrase>
plasma CO2 determines CSF pH

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16
Q

What is normal CSF pH?

A

7.32

17
Q

How does the CSF compensate for an aberrant CSF acidosis?

A

HCO3 retention

18
Q

HCO3 retention by the CSF is observed in pts w/ what condition?

A

Pts with EMPHYSEMA have LOW PO2 and HIGH PCO2 and low respiration rates b/c of the compensation

19
Q

What are the two types of peripheral chemoreceptors?

A

Aortic arch

Carotid bodies

20
Q

What peripheral chemoreceptors are particularly good at detecting hypoxia?

A

Carotid bodies

21
Q

When do the peripheral chemoreceptors respond to hypoxia? What happens to the firing rate?

A

100 mmHG

Increases as PO2 decreaes

22
Q

Which peripheral chemoreceptors respond to a decrease in pH?

A

Carotid bodies

23
Q

Which peripheral chemoreceptors respond to hypercapnia?

A

Carotid AND aortic but they’re not as important as the CENTRAL CHEMORECEPTORS

24
Q

What is the stimulus for increased breathing in exercise?

A

movement of limbs>
joint/muscle receptors>
increases RR

25
Q

How does an increase in PCO2 affect ventilation?

A

Each 1 mmHg increase>

2-3 L increase in ventilation

26
Q

When do most individuals respond to hypoxia?

A

If CO2 is held constant>

not until PO2 drops BELOW 50 mmHg

27
Q

What are exceptions to the normal response to hypoxia?

A

High altitude

Chronic obstructive lung disease (adapts to changes in pH caused by CO2 retention)

28
Q

How does low pH affect ventilation?

A

Stimulates it–often seen in metabolic acidosis (diabetic ketoacidosis)

29
Q

How does exercise typically affect PCO2 and PO2?

A

FALL in PCO2

RISE in PO2

30
Q

How does exercise affect pH?

A

Stable until intense levels

31
Q

What is the chief baseline control of respiration?

A

Brainstem (pacemakers)

32
Q

What are the chief inputs that control respiration?

A

pH in CSF

PCO2, PO2 and pH in the periphery

33
Q

How do medullary pH sensors monitor arterial PCO2?

A

by its influence on CSF acidity

34
Q

What do carotid and aortic bodies sense?

A

PCO2

arterial pH

35
Q

What do ONLY carotid bodies sense?

A

O2

36
Q

What causes an increase in breathing?

A

HIGH PCO2
LOW PO2
pH

37
Q

What is most relevent for day to day control of ventilation?

A

CO2

38
Q

WHat is most relavent for altitude adaptations and chronic lung disease?

A

PO2

CRRAB II- Week 4 (4 decks)

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