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CRRAB II- Week 4 > Trachte: Respiratory System Under Stress > Flashcards

Trachte: Respiratory System Under Stress Flashcards

1
Q

How does exercise affect O2 consumption?

A

It can INCREASE to 3000-6000 ml/min from a baseline of 250 ml

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2
Q

How does exercise affect CO2 consumption?

A

It can increase to 3000 ml/min from a baseline of 200

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3
Q

What can lead to the dramatic increase in O2 and CO2 consumption during exercise?

A

VENTILATION

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4
Q

What happens to the respiratory quotient during exercise?

A

It can increase to one or higher

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5
Q

How can the respiratory quotient be higher than 1?

A

It is greater than one because the bicarb buffer is making up for acidosis at the VO2 max.

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6
Q

What happens to diffusion capacity during exercise?

HOw is this measured?

A

It increases 3 fold!

CO uptake per partial pressure gradient

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7
Q

What happens to cardiac output during exercise?

A

It increases 3-4 fold

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8
Q

Why does CO increase?

A

There is both increased HR and SV

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9
Q

How does increased HR and SV occur? What’s the efferent signal?

A

Sympathetic activation increases HR

SV- sympathetics> increased Venous return

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10
Q

What happens to systolic and diastolic pressure during exercise?

A

Systolic INCREASES

Diastolic DECREASES or is unchanged

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11
Q

What happens to resistance during exercise?

A

Since CO is dramatically increased, resistance falls during exercise

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12
Q

What happens to PO2 during exercise?

A

Unchanged or rises slightly

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13
Q

What happens to PCO2 during exercise?

A

decreased slightly

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14
Q

What happens to pH during exercise? Why?

A

Decreased

Lactic acid building up

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15
Q

What happens to atm pressure with altitude?

A

It DECLINES

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16
Q

How do you calculate inspired PO2?

A

Inspired PO2= (atm pressure-47) x .2093

47 is vapor pressure of water involved in humidification of inspired air

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17
Q

What is the most critical adaptation at high altitude?

A

HYPERVENTILATION

18
Q

What drives hyperventilation?

A

Low O2*

19
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

Besides hyperventilation, it is another critical adaptation at HIGH altitude.

RBC numbers in blood INCREASE in response to hypoxia

20
Q

What does polycythemia do?

A

Increases the oxygen carrying capacity of blood

21
Q

How does hypoxia lead to an increase in RBCs?

A

stimulates EPO

22
Q

Shifts in the O2 dissociation curve
INCREASED VASCULARIZATION of tissues
increased oxidative enzymes
pulmonary VASOCONSTRICTION

Are all adaptive responses to….

A

High altitude

23
Q

What causes acute mountain sickness?

A

respiratory alkalosis and hypoxia

24
Q

Why can it be bad to breathe 100% oxygen?

A

It’s damaging to tissues!

It chronically decreases VITAL CAPACITY and can cause PULMONARY EDEMA

25
Q

How does breathing 100% oxygen cause atelectasis (collapse of alveoli)?

A

It creates an ENORMOUS DIFFUSIONAL GRADIENT for air movement into the blood causing the alveoli to COLLAPSE

PO2: 668: 55
PCO2= 45:45
PH20 = 47:47

26
Q

What happens to N at high and low pressures?

A

High- N equilibrates w/ tissues

Low- returned to blood

27
Q

What happens if decompression occurs too quickly?

A

N escapes from blood as bubbles causing pain and neurological damage if bubbles form in the cranial circulation

28
Q

How do you avoid hte bends?

A

replace N w/ helium

29
Q

When is hyperbaric oxygen used?

A

CO poisoning

30
Q

Why is hyperbaric oxygen used to treat CO poisoning?

A

Can increase O2 content of blood to 6 ml/dL by icnreasing pressure to 3 atm (.003 ml O2/dL/1 mmHg)

31
Q

Describe the pathway for fetal oxygenation?

A

Umbilical a. picks up oxygen from placenta>
returns it to RA>
Most goes through the FORAMEN OVALE and oxygenates tissues

32
Q

What is the PO2 of aortic blood in the fetus?

A

22-30 mmHg

33
Q

What happens to most of the blood being pumped to the lung in fetal circulation?

A

Goes through the DA to get to systemic circulation

34
Q

Why is the first breath of the fetus so important?

A

It requires ENORMOUS PRESSURE to overcome surface tension and lungs partially filled w/ fluid>
ENORMOUS drop in PULMONARY RESISTANCE

35
Q

What causes hte drop in pulmonary resistance?

A

oxygenation of alveoli

36
Q

What closes the foramen ovale at birth?

A

Increased pressure in the left atrium

37
Q

What physiological variables does exercise increase?

A 
O2 consumed
CO2 produced
H ion produced
HR
SV
CO
AV oxygen content
Alveolar ventilation
Systolic BP
38
Q

What physiological variables does high altitude increase and decrease?

A

Increases ventilation and hematocrit (EPO)

Decreases PCO2 and PO2
**hypoxia is driving force

39
Q

Why can pure O2 be harmful?

A

It can cause atelectasis

40
Q

How does diving lead to the bends?

A

Diving causes compression or expansion of gas containing organs and can lead to the bends if N escapes from the blood to fast

41
Q

How do you treat CO poisoning?

A

Hyperbaric oxygen

42
Q

What is the state of oxygen tension and pulmonary artery resistance in the fetus?

A

Oxygen tension is LOW

Pulmonary artery resistance HIGH

CRRAB II- Week 4 (4 decks)

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