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Nutrition > Trace Minerals > Flashcards

Trace Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

Iron

A

two forms: ferrous (reduced/2+) and ferric (oxidized/3+)
RDA = 18 mg/d (F)
27 mg/d (pregnancy)
8 mg/d (M)

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2
Q

Iron functions

A 
heme protein/O2 carrier
electron transport cytochromes
activators of molecular oxygen
- monooxygenase (H)
- cytochrome P450 (H)
- peroxidases (H)
- catalases (H)
- hydroxylases (NH)
- lipoxygenases (NH)
DNA synthesis: ribonucleotide reductase (NH)
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3
Q

Heme iron

A

better absorbed than non-heme

10% of daily Fe intake

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4
Q

Non-heme iron

A

plant-derived and in meat
(60% of iron from meat = non-heme))
poorer absorption than heme iron
enhanced absorption with MFP factor, Vit C, citric/lactic acid, fructose

absorption inhibited by phytates, vegetable proteins, calcium, and tannic acid

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5
Q

Iron metabolism

A

stored as ferritin

  • short-term = intestinal mucosal cells
  • long-term = liver

transported as transferrin (carries 2 atoms, must be oxidized, which requires copper)

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6
Q

Iron-nutrient interactions

A

zinc - Fe may inhibit its absorption d/t shared transport protein
calcium - decr Fe absorption
copper - required to oxidize Fe; Cu deficiency may exacerbate IDA

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7
Q

Iron toxicity

A 
iron overload
hemochromatosis
- cirrhosis
- DM
- cardiomyopathy
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8
Q

Iron deficiency

A 
storage depletion
early functional iron deficiency
IDA (microcytic/hypochromic):
- ssx = fatigue, weakness, tachycardia, tachypnea
restless leg syndrome
impaired cognitive development in children:
- hypomyelination
- disrupted dopamine metabolism
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9
Q

Risks for iron deficiency

A 
children 6 mo - 4 yo
pregnancy
blood loss
celiac dz
vegetarians/vegans
regular intense exercise
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10
Q

Iron sources

A

heme - meat, poultry, fish
non-heme - meat, nuts, seeds, legumes, green leafs
cast iron cookware

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11
Q

Copper

A 
2+ = cupric/oxidized
\+ = cuprous/reduced

important for redox rxns
incorporated into cuproenzymes

RDA = 900 mcg/day
UL = 10,000 mcg/day (10 mg)
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12
Q

Copper functions

A

iron metabolism: absorption/heme synthesis/ferroxidases
energy production: ETC/cytochrome c oxidase
nervous sys function: DA production/myelin synthesis
collagen synthesis/cross-linking
melanin synthesis: tyrosinase fx
anti-oxidant: SOD

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13
Q

Copper:

nutrient interactions

A

iron - part of Fe transport protein
zinc - competitive inhibition (must add Cu to Zn supplementation)
vitamin c - supplementation may induce deficiency

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14
Q

Copper excess

A

Wilson’s dz (AR)

= accumulation of copper in brain and liver

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15
Q

Copper deficiency

A

unresponsive IDA

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16
Q

Copper food sources

A 
seafood (esp oysters)
nuts
seeds
legumes
whole grains
liver
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17
Q

Zinc

A

RDA =
8 mg/day (F)
11 mg/day (M)

UL = 40 mg/day

95% = intracellular, mostly in muscle and bones

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18
Q

Zinc absorption

A

inhibited by : phytates, divalent cations (calcium/iron)
enhanced by : protein
absorption rate varies from 5 - 50%

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19
Q

Zinc functions

A

catalytic (>300 metalloenzymes)
structural
regulatory - cell signaling/gene regulation

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20
Q

Zinc : enzymatic functions

A 
insulin production
taste perception
vit A metabolism (retinol >>> retinal)
wound healing
spermatogenesis
growth of developing fetus
digestive enzymes (esp brush border)
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21
Q

Zinc : structural importance

A

zinc fingers = protein stabilization of AA sequences high in cys and his
- SOD (requires Zn and Cu)

metallothionein (intracellular transport protein)

  • regulates Zn uptake/transport/regulation
  • modulates oxidative stress
  • regulates gene transcription
22
Q

Zinc : regulatory

A

Gene repression/activation

  • apoptosis
  • cytokine gene regulation

Cell signaling pathway regulation
- hormone release
- nerve impulse transmission/gate kinetics
(affects NDMA and GABA)

23
Q

Zinc toxicity

A

N/V/D
HA
fatigue
impaired copper absorption/deficiency

usu d/t supplementation

24
Q

Zinc deficiency : children

A

stunted growth/immature sexual development

25
Q

Zinc deficiency : adults

A
  • impaired digestion/absorption
  • poor motor/cognitive ability
  • impaired vitamin A metabolism (photophobia/night blindness)
  • weakened immune system : decr phago/depressed T cell fx/impaired cytokine production
  • alopecia
  • skin lesions/nail dystrophy
  • delayed wound healing
26
Q

Zinc food sources

A 
meat
eggs
seafood - posters, lobster, crab
legumes
nuts
dairy
27
Q

Iodine

A

necessary for thyroid function

RDA = 150 mcg/day
pregnancy - 220 mcg/day
lactation - 290 mcg/day

UL = 1100 mcg/day

28
Q

Iodine : thyroid

A

thyroid uptake regulated by TPO
TPO = heme-containing protein
IDA may&raquo_space;> decr thyroid function
affected by anti-TPO Aby of hashimoto’s

29
Q

Iodine excess

A

goiter

30
Q

Iodine deficiency

A

goiter
decr thyroid hormone production
cretinism

selenium def may exacerbate iodine def

31
Q

Iodine food sources

A 
seafood
seaweed
iodized salt (0.5 tsp = RDA)
dairy
plants grown in iodine-rich soil (coastal)
32
Q

Goitrogens

A 
spinach
cabbage/broccoli/kale
soybeans
peanuts
peaches
strawberries
>>> bind iodine, making it unavailable for absorption
cooking limits this
33
Q

Selenium

A

incorporated into proteins (selenoproteins)
- antioxidant systems : GSH peroxidase
- thyroid metabolism : iodothyronine deiodinase
RDA = 55 mcg/day
UL = 400 mcg/day

34
Q

Selenium excess

A

loss/brittleness of hair and nails

rare

35
Q

Selenium deficiency

A

may exacerbate iodine def
immune dysfx
Keshan disease - cardiac abN&raquo_space;> fibrous cardiac muscle

36
Q

Selenium food sources

A 
brazil nuts
meat
seafood
eggs
whole grains
brown rice
mushrooms
produce - soil dependent
37
Q

Manganese

A

important for function of metalloproteins

  • SOD
  • xanthine oxidase
  • arginase
  • glutamine synthase
  • prolidase (collagen synthesis)
38
Q

Manganese absorption

A

9-16% absorbed in SI
most concentrated in mitochondria
25% stored in bone

AI = 2.3 mg/d for M; 1.8 mg/d for F
UL = 11 mg/d
39
Q

Manganese deficiency

A

maybe CT/bone issues

correlation with seizures and DM II

40
Q

Manganese excess

A

not from diet, maybe from environment (pesticides)

|&raquo_space;> CNS disturbances and Parkinson-like sxs

41
Q

Manganese food sources

A 
whole grains - oats
legumes
nuts
coffee
tea
spinach
pineapple
42
Q

Chromium

A

component of holochromodulin
- incr insulin receptor activity

0.5 - 2.5% absorbed from diet
AI = 25 mcg/d (F); 35 mcg/d (M)
UL not established

43
Q

Chromium deficiency

A

impaired glucose metabolism

44
Q

Chromium excess

A

teratogenic, genotoxic, carcinogenic

|&raquo_space;> kidney failure (1 mg/d for > 6 weeks)

45
Q

Chromium food sources

A 
broccoli
whole grains
legumes
nuts
meat
46
Q

Molybdenum

A

important for O2 transport
component of :
- molyboenzymes of N metabolism (nitrate&raquo_space; ammonium)
- xanthine oxidase
- sulfate oxidase (cys and met metabolism)
AI = 45 mcg/d
UL = 2 mg/ d

47
Q

Molybdenum deficiency

A

very rare inborn metabolic disorders&raquo_space;>

  • cerebral atrophy
  • intractable seizures
48
Q

Molybdenum excess

A

little evidence of toxicity

potential for seizures, hallucinations, gout-like sxs

49
Q

Molybdenum food sources

A

legumes - lentils/peas
whole grains
nuts

avg intake = 76 mcg/d (F); 110 mcg/d (M)

50
Q

Fluoride

A

95% in bones/teeth
prevents dental caries
not considered essential mineral

AI = 4 mg/day
UL = 10 mg/day
51
Q

Fluoride sources

A

black tea
fruit juice
crab
municipal water

Nutrition (9 decks)

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