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MCAT Psych and Soc > TPR Vision > Flashcards

TPR Vision Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 3 semicircular canals?

A
  • utricle
  • saccule
  • ampullae
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2
Q

define: cornea

A

light enters the eye by passing through this, which is the clear portion at the front of the eye

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3
Q

define: sclera

A

the cornea is continuous at its borders with the this, which is the white of the eye

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4
Q

define: choroid

A

beneath the white of the eye

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5
Q

define: retina

A

the layer beneath the choroid, which is the surface on which light is focused

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6
Q

define: anterior chamber

A

just inside the cornea there this area, which contains a fluid termed aqueous humor

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7
Q

define: aqueous humor

A

the liquid in the anterior chamber

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8
Q

define: iris

A

this is at the back of the anterior chamber that has an opening called the pupil; the iris is the colored part of the eye, and the muscles in the iris regulate the width of the opening of the pupil

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9
Q

define: posterior chamber

A

the area just behind the iris

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10
Q

define: lens

A

in the back of the posterior chamber

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11
Q

define: ciliary muscle

A

is responsible for varying the curvature of the lens

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12
Q

define: vitreous chamber

A

where light passes through on route from the lens to the retina

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13
Q

define: vitreous humor

A

the fluid filling of the vitreous chamber

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14
Q

define: rods and cones

A

electromagnetic receptor cells that are photoreceptors, which are responsible for detecting light

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15
Q

define: bipolar cells

A

the nerve cells that complex with the rods and cones

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16
Q

define: ganglion cells

A

the bipolar cells synapse with these, whose axons comprise the optic nerve

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17
Q

define: occipital lobe

A

travels from each eye towards the occipital lobe of the brain, where the complex analysis of a visual image occurs

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18
Q

define: optic disk

A

the point of the retina that many axons from ganglion cells converge to form the optic nerve

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19
Q

what is the optic disc also known as?

A

the blind spot

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20
Q

why is the blind spot considered “blind”?

A

because it contains no photoreceptors

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21
Q

define: macula

A

contains the fovea centralis

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22
Q

define: fovea centralis

A

contains only cones. and is responsible for extreme visual activity

23
Q

define:l retinal

A

the pigment that is contained on the protein, which is specially on each rod and cone photoreceptor

24
Q

what is retinal derived from?

A

vitamin A

25
Q

define: all trans form

A

the form that retinal is converted to when it absorbs a photon of light, such that the cell is depolarized. this causes a series of chemical reactions that ultimately closes the sodium channel and the cell hyperpolarizes

26
Q

define: glutamate

A

neurotransmitter released when rods and cones depolarize in the dark

27
Q

what does glutamate do to the bipolar cells?

A

it inhibits them, so that they cannot be excited

28
Q

what happens when the photoreceptors receive a photon of light?

A

they stop releasing glutamate, and thus stop inhibiting the bipolar cells, which can then depolarize and the inhibitory activity is stopped

29
Q

what are the rods more sensitive to? where are they more concentrated?

A

dim light and motion, and they are more concentrated in the periphery of the retina

30
Q

what do the cones require? what are the for? where are they more concentrated?

A

they require an abundance of light, they are made to see color and high acuity vision; and they are abundant in the fovea

31
Q

what are there 3 different types of?

A

cones, one for blue, one for green and one for red

32
Q

define: emmetropia

A

normal vision

33
Q

define: myopia

A

nearsightedness, when the image focuses in front of thre retina and thus results in faulty vision

34
Q

define: hyperopia

A

farsightedness, when the image focuses behind the retina and results in faulty vision

35
Q

how is myopia corrected?

A

using a concave lens this can be corrected

36
Q

how is hyperopia corrected?

A

using a convex lens this can be corrected

37
Q

define: presbyopia

A

the inability to accommodate (focus) - results due to a loss of flexibility of the lens - i.e. age

38
Q

what occurs in the visual cortex?

A

neurons in the visual cortex fire in response to specific information, such as lines, edges, angles and movement

39
Q

define: feature detection theory

A

it explains why a certain area of the brain is activate when looking at a face, and a different area is activated when looking at letters on a page

40
Q

define: parallel processing

A

many aspects of a visual stimulus are processed at the same time rather than sequentially (not only for visual stimuli)

41
Q

define: depth perception

A

the ability to see objects in three dimensions despite the fact that images are imposed on the retina in only two dimensions (learned innately - baby experiment with cliff)

42
Q

define: binocular cues

A

depth cues that depend on information received by both eyes and are most important when objects are close to us in our visual field

43
Q

define: retinal disparity

A

a binocular cue whereby the brain compares the images projected onto the two retinas in order to perceive distance

44
Q

define: convergence

A

another binocular cue, that describes the extent to which the eyes turn inward when looking at the object, the greater the angle of inward strain or convergence the closer the object

45
Q

define: monocular cues

A

are depth cues that depend on information that is available to either eye alone and are important for judging distances

46
Q

define: relative size

A

if objects are assumed to be the same size, the ones that cast smaller images on the retina appear to be more distant

47
Q

define: interposition

A

if one of the objects blocks the view of the other, we perceive it as closer

48
Q

define: relative clarity

A

we perceive hazy objects as being more distant than sharp, clear objects

49
Q

define: texture gradient

A

the change from a coarse, distinct texture to a fine, indistinct texture indicate increasing distance

50
Q

define: relative height

A

we perceive objects that are higher in the visual field as further away

51
Q

define: relative motion

A

as we move, stable objects appear tomove as well. objects that are near us appear to move faster than objects that are far

52
Q

define: linear perspective

A

parallel lines appear to converge as distance increases

53
Q

define: light and shadow

A

closer objects reflect more light than distant objects

MCAT Psych and Soc (4 decks)

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